保險法近因原則司法實踐研究
本文選題:保險法因果關(guān)系 + 近因原則。 參考:《中國海洋大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文
【摘要】:集千家之財,解一家之困。當(dāng)今社會,保險已然成為分散風(fēng)險,消化損失的一項重要經(jīng)濟制度,它消化損失的功能是通過作為保險主體一方的保險公司給予保險另一方即保險相對人1保險賠償金來實現(xiàn)的。因此,,當(dāng)某種保險事故發(fā)生后,保險相對人能否得到賠償,須明確保險事故與損害之間的因果關(guān)系。近因原則就是尋找保險事故與保險標的損失之間因果關(guān)系,從而確定保險人應(yīng)否承擔(dān)保險責(zé)任的一項原則。 近因原則起源于英美法系的海上保險,并在1906年《英國海上保險法》首次立法確認。但由于英美法系各國是判例法系國家,他們重視對個案的分析而忽視對理論的歸納,致使“近因”一詞的內(nèi)涵至今也無一定論。目前,認定近因原則的學(xué)說主要有“時空說”、“效果說”及“折衷說”。 從國外來看,近因原則在兩大法系中的地位迥異。在英美關(guān)系中,各國普遍將近因原則規(guī)定為認定保險法因果關(guān)系的主導(dǎo)原則。英美法系的大法官們在判案過程中,不僅解決當(dāng)事人的爭議和糾紛,平衡雙方的利益,同時也承擔(dān)起豐富法學(xué)原理的神圣職責(zé)。他們在大量判決書中對近因原則作了豐富而詳盡的討論:實現(xiàn)了近因原則認定學(xué)說由“時空說”向“效果說”的轉(zhuǎn)變,形成了“鏈條理論”、“常識性標準”判定方法等,使近因原則在不斷運用中日臻成熟。而在大陸法系,近因原則的運用卻一再遭到排斥。從立法上看,大陸法系國家未將近因發(fā)展為一項判定保險法因果關(guān)系的基本原則在立法中予以規(guī)定;從保險法學(xué)界研究來看,大陸法系國家對保險法因果關(guān)系的認定也是百家爭鳴,主要有條件說、義務(wù)射程說、相當(dāng)因果關(guān)系說、比例因果關(guān)系說等,但對近因原則卻持反對態(tài)度,僅在海上保險法領(lǐng)域,曾有學(xué)者建議將近因原則作為相當(dāng)因果關(guān)系說的補充學(xué)說予以適用。 在我國,保險法理論界普遍承認了近因原則的重大意義和地位,保險實務(wù)界也廣為流傳一句話:判斷責(zé)任看近因,決定賠償看范圍。近因原則似乎成為一種不言自明的法律思維。然而遺憾的是,我國現(xiàn)行法律體系中,無論是《保險法》還是《海商法》,對近因原則只字未提。保險法理論界對其研究和闡述也不盡充分。分析其原因:一是由于我國受大陸法系因果關(guān)系理論的影響深遠,致使我國保險法領(lǐng)域?qū)蛟瓌t不夠重視,少有學(xué)者對其作全面而細致的研究。二是近因原則理論本身復(fù)雜,許多概念尚處于眾說紛紜之態(tài)?梢哉f,近因原則被我國立法和司法實踐正確認知和采納都需一個漫長實踐的過程。 然而,長期性不應(yīng)成為法律發(fā)展和完善的阻礙。由于法律文化、法律環(huán)境及具體國情的巨大差異,立法者在確立一個新的法律原則之時躑躅不前,猶豫不決,是值得理解的,但因此而長時間不做任何立法上的努力,便會導(dǎo)致保險法律體系不完整,更嚴重的是,對我國保險實踐和司法實踐產(chǎn)生極大的負面影響。 近因原則具有完善保險法律體系,平衡雙方保險利益,保障理賠有章可循及有效防止道德風(fēng)險的制度價值,而且具有在我國立法上的必要性和可行性,因此,近因原則在我國立法上應(yīng)有獨立地位,應(yīng)在《保險法》中明確規(guī)定近因原則。同時,通過在保險合同中的明示與說明,司法解釋中的具體規(guī)定,保險習(xí)慣與慣例的適當(dāng)引入以及對一因一果和多因一果的類型化分析,保障近因原則在保險實踐與司法實踐中的具體應(yīng)用。
[Abstract]:In today's society, insurance has become an important economic system for dispersing risks and digesting losses. The function of it to digest losses is realized by the insurance company that is a party of insurance to the other party, the insurance counterpart, 1 insurance compensation. It is necessary to identify the causal relationship between the insurance accident and the damage. The principle of proximate cause is to find the causal relationship between the insurance accident and the loss of the insurance mark, so as to determine whether the insurer should bear the liability of insurance.
The principle of proximate cause originated from the maritime insurance of the Anglo American law system and the first legislation of the British Maritime Insurance Law in 1906. But because the countries of the Anglo American law system are the case law countries, they attach importance to the analysis of the case and ignore the induction of the theory, so that the connotation of the word "proximate cause" is not certain. At present, the study of the principle of proximate cause is to be found. There are mainly "space-time theory", "effect theory" and "compromise theory".
From abroad, the position of the principle of proximate cause is very different in the two legal systems. In the relationship between Britain and America, the principle of proximate cause is generally defined as the leading principle of determining the causation of the insurance law. In the process of judging the case, the judges of the Anglo American Law system not only solve the disputes and disputes of the parties, balance the interests of the two sides, but also take on the rich law of law. They have made a rich and detailed discussion of the principle of proximate cause in a large number of judgments: the realization of the transformation of the theory of the recognition of the principle of proximate cause from the "theory of space-time" to the "effect", and the formation of the "chain theory", "common sense standard" determination method, and so on, to make the principle of proximate cause mature in continuous application. Legal system, the application of the principle of proximate cause has been repeatedly rejected. From the legislative point of view, the civil law countries have not formulated the basic principles of the development of the proximate cause as a basic principle of determining the causation of the insurance law. From the study of the insurance law, the cognizance of the causality of the insurance law in the civil law countries is also contending, and the main conditions are said. In the compulsory range, the theory of causality is quite causality, but it is opposed to the principle of proximate cause. Only in the field of marine insurance law, some scholars have suggested that the principle of proximate cause should be applied as a complementary theory of considerable causality.
In our country, the theoretical circle of insurance law universally acknowledges the significance and status of the principle of proximate cause, and the insurance practice circle has also widely circulated a sentence: judging the immediate cause of responsibility and determining the scope of compensation. The principle of proximate cause seems to be a kind of self-evident legal thinking. However, it is regrettable that in our current legal system, whether it is the insurance law or < < < The theoretical circle of the insurance law has not been fully studied and expounded by the theoretical circle of the insurance law. The reasons are as follows: one is that our country is deeply influenced by the theory of causality in the continental law system, resulting in insufficient attention to the principle of proximate cause in the field of insurance law in China, and few scholars have made comprehensive and meticulous research on it. Two is the principle of proximate cause. The theory itself is complex, and many concepts are still in different opinions. It can be said that the principle of proximate cause is correctly recognized and adopted by our country's legislation and judicial practice.
However, long-term nature should not be a hindrance to the development and perfection of law. Due to the great differences in legal culture, legal environment and specific national conditions, it is worth understanding that lawmakers wander and hesitate to establish a new legal principle, but it is worth understanding, but for a long time, no legislative effort will lead to the legal system of insurance. More complete and more serious, it has a great negative impact on China's insurance practice and judicial practice.
The principle of proximate cause has the system value of perfecting the insurance legal system, balancing the interests of the two sides, ensuring the institutional value of the claim that the claim is organized and effectively preventing the moral hazard, and it has the necessity and feasibility in our country's legislation. Therefore, the principle of proximate cause should have an independent position in the legislation of our country, and the principle of proximate cause should be clearly defined in the insurance law. The concrete application of the principle of close cause in the practice of insurance and the judicial practice is ensured through the explicit instructions and instructions in the insurance contract, the specific provisions of the judicial interpretation, the proper introduction of the insurance habits and practices, and the type analysis of a result of a fruit and a cause.
【學(xué)位授予單位】:中國海洋大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】:碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】:2013
【分類號】:D922.284
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