發(fā)布時間：2018-09-09 10:15

【摘要】：我國農(nóng)村土地承包經(jīng)營權(quán)的分散化和凝固化(即以家庭為單位享有但不得流轉(zhuǎn))是影響土地利用和掣肘農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)發(fā)展的主要因素之一。實(shí)現(xiàn)土地有效利用目標(biāo)的主要途徑便在于土地流轉(zhuǎn)。土地承包經(jīng)營權(quán)流轉(zhuǎn)法律制度在我國的確立經(jīng)歷了一個較長的歷史過程。現(xiàn)在,土地承包經(jīng)營權(quán)流轉(zhuǎn)在我國農(nóng)村已經(jīng)成為一種普遍現(xiàn)象,流轉(zhuǎn)形式很多,除了法定的轉(zhuǎn)包、出租、互換、轉(zhuǎn)讓、入股、抵押六種形式,還有繼承、代耕、信托、反租倒包和特殊租賃等流轉(zhuǎn)形式。土地承包經(jīng)營權(quán)的流轉(zhuǎn)也帶來了糾紛。有糾紛就需要相應(yīng)的糾紛解決機(jī)制。對于農(nóng)村土地承包經(jīng)營權(quán)流轉(zhuǎn)糾紛而言,糾紛解決機(jī)制的多元化是必要的。根據(jù)現(xiàn)行立法,我國土地承包經(jīng)營權(quán)流轉(zhuǎn)糾紛當(dāng)事人可以通過四種途徑解決爭議：和解、調(diào)解、仲裁和訴訟。和解是一種自力救濟(jì)方式,調(diào)解和仲裁是社會救濟(jì)方式,而訴訟是公力救濟(jì)方式。 調(diào)解在中國歷史悠久,對于今天的農(nóng)村土地承包經(jīng)營權(quán)流轉(zhuǎn)糾紛解決而言,調(diào)解的意義非常重大。在當(dāng)前所有的糾紛解決方式中,當(dāng)事人最傾向的糾紛解決方式還是村委會調(diào)解。村委會調(diào)解屬于人民調(diào)解的范疇,人民調(diào)解在我國土地承包經(jīng)營權(quán)流轉(zhuǎn)糾紛的解決中發(fā)揮了巨大的作用。但是,我國當(dāng)前的村委會調(diào)解中還存在行政主導(dǎo)、非正式性、調(diào)解協(xié)議的效力不足等問題。為了更好地發(fā)揮村委會調(diào)解的作用,有必要剔除村委會調(diào)解中的行政因素,保障當(dāng)事人的合法權(quán)益,提升調(diào)解協(xié)議的效力。鄉(xiāng)(鎮(zhèn))人民政府調(diào)解本質(zhì)上是一種行政指導(dǎo)性質(zhì)的具體行政行為,行政調(diào)解在土地承包經(jīng)營權(quán)流轉(zhuǎn)糾紛解決中能發(fā)揮積極的作用。但是,由于行政調(diào)解中不公正因素的存在,實(shí)踐中通過這種途徑解決的糾紛很少,為了克服行政調(diào)解的不公正,應(yīng)當(dāng)推行鄉(xiāng)(鎮(zhèn))人民政府調(diào)解公開制度和完善鄉(xiāng)(鎮(zhèn))人民政府調(diào)解程序。 2009年《農(nóng)村土地承包經(jīng)營糾紛調(diào)解仲裁法》的頒布從法律制度上正式確立了我國的農(nóng)村土地承包仲裁制度,當(dāng)前各地區(qū)正按照該法的規(guī)定組建農(nóng)村土地承包仲裁委員會。土地承包經(jīng)營糾紛仲裁具有受案范圍特定、仲裁程序啟動的單方性和可選擇性、仲裁裁決的非終局性等特征。相對于村委會調(diào)解而言,仲裁更具權(quán)威性；相對于鄉(xiāng)(鎮(zhèn))政府調(diào)解而言,仲裁更具公正性；相對于訴訟而言,仲裁也具有成本低、專業(yè)性、更具人性化等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。但是,我國土地承包經(jīng)營權(quán)流轉(zhuǎn)糾紛仲裁制度也存在一些弊端：仲裁的行政化、仲裁有悖于當(dāng)事人意思自治、仲裁程序訴訟化、仲裁裁決具有非終局性。我國土地承包仲裁制度的完善途徑包括去行政化改造、尊重當(dāng)事人的意思自治、簡化仲裁程序、賦予仲裁裁決以終局效力、強(qiáng)調(diào)承包經(jīng)營權(quán)流轉(zhuǎn)糾紛仲裁與調(diào)解的結(jié)合,等等。 訴訟的基本目的之一就是解決糾紛,近些年來,訴訟在解決土地承包經(jīng)營權(quán)流轉(zhuǎn)糾紛中的作用進(jìn)一步受到重視,司法審理土地承包經(jīng)營權(quán)流轉(zhuǎn)糾紛應(yīng)當(dāng)遵循“強(qiáng)調(diào)調(diào)解”的原則,調(diào)解也符合中國農(nóng)村糾紛處理的傳統(tǒng)。我國法院在審理土地承包經(jīng)營權(quán)流轉(zhuǎn)糾紛案件中尚需特別關(guān)注一些典型的問題：(1)流轉(zhuǎn)協(xié)議效力的認(rèn)定；(2)流轉(zhuǎn)費(fèi)用糾紛的處理；(3)流轉(zhuǎn)約定不明類糾紛的處理；(4)入股糾紛的處理。從當(dāng)前的情況來看,農(nóng)村土地承包經(jīng)營權(quán)流轉(zhuǎn)糾紛通過訴訟途徑解決的不多,特別是在偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū),訴訟的利用率更低。司法制度利用率低會帶來如下問題：當(dāng)事人的正當(dāng)法定權(quán)利不一定能得到維護(hù),糾紛也不一定能得到徹底解決。司法利用率低的原因除了傳統(tǒng)的無訟和厭訟文化以及熟人社會的因素外,訴訟成本高和缺乏司法公正也是重要的原因。要提高我國土地承包經(jīng)營權(quán)流轉(zhuǎn)糾紛訴訟解決的利用率,就應(yīng)當(dāng)降低土地承包經(jīng)營權(quán)流轉(zhuǎn)糾紛當(dāng)事人訴訟的成本,保障司法公正。
[Abstract]:The decentralization and solidification of rural land contractual management right in China (that is, the family as the unit enjoys but can not transfer) is one of the main factors affecting land use and hindering the development of agricultural production. Now, the transfer of land contractual management right has become a common phenomenon in the rural areas of China. There are many forms of transfer, including legal subcontracting, leasing, interchange, transfer, share-holding, mortgage, inheritance, farming, trust, anti-leasing and special leasing. According to the current legislation, there are four ways to resolve disputes: reconciliation, mediation, arbitration and litigation. Conciliation is a form of self-relief, mediation and arbitration are social relief, and litigation is public relief.
Mediation has a long history in China and is of great significance to the settlement of disputes over the transfer of contracted management rights of rural land. Among all the current dispute settlement methods, the most preferred one is the village committee mediation. However, there are still some problems in the current mediation of village committees, such as administrative dominance, informality, and the lack of effectiveness of mediation agreements. To enhance the effectiveness of the mediation agreement, the township (town) people's government mediation is essentially a specific administrative act of administrative guidance, and administrative mediation can play a positive role in the settlement of disputes over the transfer of land contractual management rights. In order to overcome the unfairness of administrative mediation, the system of public mediation of the township (town) people's government should be implemented and the mediation procedure of the township (town) people's government should be improved.
The promulgation of the Law on Conciliation and Arbitration of Disputes over Rural Land Contracting and Management in 2009 formally established China's rural land contract arbitration system from the legal system. At present, various regions are establishing rural land contract arbitration committees in accordance with the provisions of the Law. Compared with the village committee mediation, arbitration is more authoritative; compared with the township (town) government mediation, arbitration is more fair; compared with litigation, arbitration also has the advantages of low cost, professionalism and humanization. There are also some drawbacks in the arbitration system: the administration of arbitration, arbitration is contrary to Party autonomy, arbitration proceedings litigation, arbitration award is not final. It emphasizes the combination of arbitration and mediation in the transfer of contractual rights, and so on.
One of the basic purposes of litigation is to settle disputes. In recent years, the role of litigation in the settlement of disputes over the transfer of land contractual management rights has been further emphasized. Judicial adjudication of disputes over the transfer of land contractual management rights should follow the principle of "emphasizing mediation", and mediation also conforms to the tradition of rural dispute settlement in China. There are still some typical problems to be paid special attention to in the disputes over the transfer of land contractual management right: (1) the determination of the validity of the transfer agreement; (2) the settlement of the disputes over the transfer fees; (3) the settlement of the disputes of unknown type in the transfer agreement; (4) the settlement of the shareholding disputes. The low utilization rate of the judicial system will bring the following problems: the legitimate legal rights of the parties may not be safeguarded, and disputes may not be completely resolved. The reasons for the low utilization rate of the judiciary are in addition to the traditional culture of litigation-free and litigation-weary and the factors of acquaintance society. The high litigation cost and the lack of judicial justice are also important reasons. In order to improve the utilization rate of litigation settlement of land contractual management right transfer disputes in China, we should reduce the litigation cost of the parties involved in land contractual management right transfer disputes and ensure judicial justice.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：D922.3;F321.1

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本文編號：2232092