發(fā)布時間：2018-05-07 01:37

  本文選題：古生物化石 + 發(fā)現(xiàn)權�。� 參考：《華中科技大學》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：隨著各地、各類古生物化石逐步被發(fā)現(xiàn)，隨著澄江化石地入選世界自然遺產(chǎn)目錄，古生物化石這個事物開始日益受到社會各界的關注和重視。古生物化石是不可再生的有限資源，本身具有重大的科研價值、巨大的經(jīng)濟價值。在化石的保護過程中涉及到很多行為，比如：發(fā)現(xiàn)、命名、開發(fā)、保護等。隨著實踐案例的增多，其中關于古生物化石的發(fā)現(xiàn)權和所有權問題，日益成為討論的焦點，關于它們的法律爭議也越來越激烈。古生物化石的發(fā)現(xiàn)權與所有權，在古生物化石的發(fā)現(xiàn)過程中，這兩項權利既有關聯(lián)，也有區(qū)別。 通過對古生物化石的研究，可以認識過去，反省現(xiàn)在，預測未來，可以為人類的生存和發(fā)展提供很好的前車之鑒。古生物化石比較常見的就是動物化石、植物化石兩大類。擁有化石，尤其是保存完整的化石，就意味著一筆巨大的財富。但是化石和文物是不同的，不論是從專業(yè)領域角度來定義，還是從法律明確規(guī)定角度來區(qū)分，二者都是不同的，但是在實踐中還有很多學者將其混為一談。在目前國內(nèi)有一些專門針對古生物化石保護方面的法規(guī)，國際方面也有一些，但在一些細節(jié)性問題的規(guī)定上都不是很深入。 古生物化石發(fā)現(xiàn)權是科學發(fā)現(xiàn)權，是屬于知識產(chǎn)權層面的權利，主要解決的是發(fā)現(xiàn)人對發(fā)現(xiàn)成果享有的精神權利。所有權是物權層面的權利，解決的是發(fā)現(xiàn)人在實施發(fā)現(xiàn)行為后對發(fā)現(xiàn)物享有的物權。這兩項權利因為古生物化石的發(fā)現(xiàn)行為而聯(lián)系在一起，但是卻有著本質(zhì)的區(qū)別。很多發(fā)現(xiàn)人自己或者學者都沒有清楚這兩項權利的區(qū)別與聯(lián)系，因而提出了一些錯誤的“先占原則”等論點。古生物化石發(fā)現(xiàn)權不是一項新生的權利，它一直都存在，它是對《民法通則》中發(fā)現(xiàn)權的一種特殊化、具體化，民法中規(guī)定的發(fā)現(xiàn)權太過于模糊、籠統(tǒng)。筆者便結合古生物化石的特性，以及實踐中的特殊需求，對這個發(fā)現(xiàn)權進行進一步的明確，，即提出了什么樣的主體在什么樣的條件下，對古生物化石享有什么樣的權利，這個權利的取得方式又是什么。針對四川彭州陰沉木案件，對陰沉木的法律屬性進行辨析，結合各派專家學者的觀點，提出了烏木在法律屬性上屬于古生物化石，屬于一類特別物，可以受到特別法《古生物化石保護條例》的調(diào)整與保護。 最終的落腳點是在古生物化石保護問題上。還是以典型案例四川彭州陰沉木的政府獎勵結果引起的民怨沸騰事實為楔子，提出了國家法律中設置對發(fā)現(xiàn)人物質(zhì)獎勵這樣一個規(guī)定的立法精神和目的，建議設置利益平衡獎勵標準，不要違背法律精神隨意進行不公平、不合理的獎勵。我們的法律、我們的國家只有及時確認發(fā)現(xiàn)權，及時明確所有權，認識到二者的不同，不要隨意混淆，并且進行客觀合理的獎勵和回報，才能夠促使更多的人自愿、自覺地投入到化石發(fā)現(xiàn)、上繳和保護工作中來，才能使得這些珍稀的不可再生資源免遭破壞的厄運。
[Abstract]:Along with each place, all kinds of paleontological fossils have been discovered gradually. With the selection of the world natural heritage catalogue in Chengjiang fossil sites, the fossils of paleontological fossils began to pay more attention and attention from all walks of life. Paleontological fossils are non renewable resources, which have great scientific research value, great economic value. There are many actions involved in the process, such as discovery, naming, development, protection and so on. With the increase of practice cases, the issue of discovery rights and ownership of fossil fossils has become the focus of discussion, and the legal disputes about them are becoming more and more intense. The discovery rights and ownership of paleontological fossils are found in fossil fossils. In the process, these two rights are not only related but also different.
Through the study of paleontological fossils, we can recognize the past, reflect on the present and predict the future, and provide a good warning for the survival and development of human beings. Paleontological fossils are common animal fossils and plant fossils in two major categories. Having fossils, especially the preserved and whole fossils, means a great wealth. Stone and cultural relics are different. Whether they are defined from the point of view of the professional field or from the point of view of the law, the two are different. However, there are many scholars in practice that confuse them. There are some regulations on the protection of paleontological fossils in China, and there are some in the world, but in some detail. The stipulation of the problem of sex is not very deep.
The right of discovery of paleontological fossils is the right of scientific discovery, which belongs to the intellectual property level. The main solution is to find the spiritual rights of the discovery of the discoveries. Ownership is the right in the real right level, and the solution is to find the right to discover the discoveries after the implementation of the discoveries. These two rights are due to the discovery of fossil fossil creatures. There are essential differences between them. Many people and scholars have not found out the difference and connection between the two Xiang Quanli, and thus put forward some wrong arguments such as "preemptive principle". The right of discovery of paleontological fossils is not a new right, it always exists, it is the right to discover the general rules of the civil law. One kind of specialization, concretion, the right of discovery in the civil law is too vague and general. The author combines the characteristics of paleontological fossils and the special needs in practice to further clarify the right of discovery, that is, what kind of rights are enjoyed to the fossils under what kind of subject in the subject. What is the way of obtaining the right? In view of the case of the sink in Pengzhou, Sichuan, the legal attribute of the shade of the shade is identified and combined with the views of experts and scholars of various schools, it is proposed that the ebony belongs to the fossil of a kind of paleontological fossils on the legal attribute, which can be adjusted and protected by the special law < paleontological Protection Ordinance >.
The final foothold is on the protection of paleontological fossils, or the fact that the civil resentment caused by the government award results of the typical case of the Sichuan Pengzhou in a typical case is a wedge, and puts forward the legislative spirit and purpose of setting up a provision on the material reward in the national law, and recommends setting up a balance of interest and reward standards. The legal spirit of the back is unjust and unreasonably rewarded. Our law, our country only recognizes the right of discovery in time, clearly defines the ownership in time, recognizes the differences between the two, and does not confuse freely, and carries out an objective and reasonable reward and reward. The protection of these rare and non renewable resources can be avoided.

【學位授予單位】：華中科技大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：D923

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