發(fā)布時間：2018-05-26 17:29

  本文選題：中世紀 + 教會��； 參考：《復(fù)旦大學(xué)》2012年博士論文

【摘要】：在中世紀西歐,或者說在中世紀羅馬天主教西歐,向人貸款并收取利息并不是一件理所當然的事情。在此時期教會的眼里,“放貸取息”就是“高利貸”(usura/usury)。和我們當今社會對待放貸取息的態(tài)度不同,中世紀教會很早就開始反對和譴責放貸取息也即高利貸。其反對和譴責自《圣經(jīng)》始,于早期教父的相關(guān)教誨中得到初步闡發(fā),在后繼的各種形式的反高利貸立法中得到鞏固和強化。從《圣經(jīng)》的相關(guān)規(guī)定到早期教父的相關(guān)教誨再到后繼的各種形式的反高利貸法令法規(guī)組成了教會的“高利貸禁令”。值得特別注意的是,大約從12世紀起,教會對待高利貸的方式開始發(fā)生一些重要的變化,即它不再以近乎絕對的判定式的口吻反對和譴責高利貸,而是逐漸采用說理的方法向人表明高利貸不合道德倫理和法律,即高利貸不具有合法性。承擔這一說理任務(wù)的主體為中世紀西歐社會的智識精英——由教會法學(xué)家和神學(xué)家組成的經(jīng)院學(xué)者(scholastics)。正是在他們的智識努力下,教會的高利貸禁令得到理性分析和闡發(fā)；也正是有了他們的理性分析和闡發(fā),教會的高利貸禁令最終得以拓展演變?yōu)橐环N有邏輯、成體系的理論,即高利貸學(xué)說。為了說明中世紀教會對高利貸的認識如何從一種法令(規(guī))發(fā)展成為一種理論,眾經(jīng)院學(xué)者如何展開對高利貸的理性的、漸成系統(tǒng)的分析,其分析對高利貸的境遇造成了何種影響,以及反過來同時期的經(jīng)濟社會現(xiàn)實又對它產(chǎn)生了怎樣的效應(yīng)等問題,本文擬作四大部分： 第一大部分也即第一章試圖說明高利貸即為放貸取息這一觀念是如何形成的,教會高利貸禁令是如何從《圣經(jīng)》相關(guān)規(guī)定到早期教父相關(guān)教誨再到以后的各種反高利貸法令法規(guī)一步步積累并豐富的,以及教會高利貸學(xué)說是如何在西歐經(jīng)濟勃興與文化智識復(fù)興并發(fā)展的大背景下形成的。關(guān)于高利貸學(xué)說的形成,本部分所得出的基本結(jié)論是,它以教會的高利貸禁令為基本導(dǎo)向,借助諸如亞里士多德的相關(guān)學(xué)說和羅馬法中的相關(guān)內(nèi)容等古代智識資源,在經(jīng)過早期經(jīng)院學(xué)者的初步努力后,由圣托馬斯·阿奎那在其四法理論語境中初步構(gòu)建成型；在隨后的時間里,諸經(jīng)院學(xué)者繼續(xù)展開對高利貸的討論,使高利貸學(xué)說趨于成熟。成型的高利貸學(xué)說主要有兩大維度或兩大層面：神學(xué)層面和自然理性分析層面。 第二大部分也即第二章旨在表明諸經(jīng)院學(xué)者如何在神學(xué)層面(也即學(xué)說的第一大層面)展開對高利貸的分析,具體包括：他們?nèi)绾侮U明高利貸所包含的取息動機與神學(xué)意義上的“罪孽”之間的對應(yīng)關(guān)系；高利貸與基督徒的慈善美德之間的沖突；以及高利貸如何成為一種“竊取上帝的時間”的行為。 第三大部分也即第三章主要展示諸經(jīng)院學(xué)者在自然法分析層面(也即學(xué)說的第二大層面)闡發(fā)高利貸與“公平正義”之間的矛盾。這一部分的具體任務(wù)有：解釋高利貸如何與貨幣的兩大屬性——使用權(quán)與所有權(quán)的不可分離性以及不可增殖性相矛盾；高利貸對公平價格原則的違背以及在“公平價格”這一名頭的保護下某些實質(zhì)上的放貸取利行為如何逐漸與高利貸相區(qū)別；某些事實上的放貸取利行為如何憑借“損失補償”(包括本金補償和利潤補償)這一理由逐漸獲得合法性；以及某些實際上的放貸取利行為如何依托“勞動報酬”名義最終與高利貸劃清界線。 第四大部分也即第四章重在考察教會高利貸學(xué)說作為經(jīng)院學(xué)者的一種智識創(chuàng)造如何與同時期的西歐經(jīng)濟社會現(xiàn)實相適應(yīng),換言之,它在何種程度上具有有利于自身存在的現(xiàn)實條件,它又在何種程度上面臨現(xiàn)實社會對它的挑戰(zhàn)或曰現(xiàn)實困境,以及它作為一種經(jīng)濟倫理規(guī)條對當時乃至后世的社會產(chǎn)生了怎樣的影響等。此部分的基本結(jié)論是,由于各經(jīng)院學(xué)者的論說之間以及各自的論說內(nèi)部存在這樣或那樣的歧異,教會高利貸學(xué)說的總體邏輯協(xié)調(diào)性與說服力受到影響,加之同時期不斷出現(xiàn)的各種放貸取息行為的公開挑戰(zhàn)或托名規(guī)避,教會高利貸學(xué)說的外在直接約制力大受影響；不過需要注意的是,盡管遇到各種現(xiàn)實困境,高利貸學(xué)說賴以存在的有利條件仍沒有完全失去；即便就它的影響而言,它也不是一種空洞的、無意義的教條,因為隨著它的外在直接約制力的損減,它逐漸內(nèi)化為一種精神約制力,通過人的意識或精神影響人的行為。作為一種兼涉道德倫理與經(jīng)濟行為兩大領(lǐng)域的理論,高利貸學(xué)說的現(xiàn)實與歷史意義實際上已經(jīng)超出了倫理價值一端,更具有如經(jīng)濟思想等方面的價值。
[Abstract]:In medieval Western Europe , or in the Roman Catholic Western Europe in the Middle Ages , it was not a matter of course to borrow and collect interest . In the eyes of the church in this period , the church had begun to oppose and condemn lending and interest - lending .
It is also the rational analysis and explanation that the church ' s high - interest loan prohibition can be extended into a theory of logic and system , that is , the theory of high - interest loan . In order to illustrate how the medieval church knows how to develop the high - interest loan from a law ( regulation ) into a theory , how to analyze the influence of the situation of the high - interest loan , and how the economic and social reality of the same period in turn have caused the effect to it , this paper intends to make four parts :

In the first part , the first chapter attempts to illustrate how the concept of high - interest loan is how to pay interest and interest , and how the high - interest loan prohibition is formed in a step - by - step basis of the relevant teachings of the Church and how the church ' s high - interest loan doctrine is based on the relevant teachings of the Church and the related content of Roman law .
In the following period , the scholars of the colleges and universities continued to expand their discussion on the high - interest loan , so that the theory of high - interest loans tends to mature . The formation of the theory of high - interest loan has two dimensions or two dimensions : theology and natural science .

The second part is the second chapter , which is the second chapter is to show how to analyze the high interest loan at the level of theology ( i.e . , the first aspect of the doctrine ) , including how they expound the corresponding relationship between the interest motivation and the " iniquity " in the sense of theology ;
The conflict between usury and the Christian virtues of Christians ;
And how it became a " time to steal God " .

In the third part , the third chapter mainly shows the contradiction between the high interest loan and the fairness and justice at the analysis level of the natural law ( i.e . , the second big level of the doctrine ) . The concrete task of this part is to explain how the two attributes _ right to use and ownership and the non - proliferative phase of the loan are inconsistent with the two large attributes _ right of ownership of the money .
The breach of fair price principle and how to distinguish certain substance loan - taking behavior gradually from the high - interest loan under the protection of " fair price " .
( b ) How certain de facto lending practices are gaining legitimacy by virtue of the " loss compensation " ( including the principal compensation and profit compensation ) ;
As well as how some of the actual loan - taking behavior depends on the " labor remuneration " , it is ultimately related to the high - interest loan .

In the fourth part , the fourth chapter focuses on the study of how to adapt the church ' s high - interest loan theory to the economic and social reality of Western Europe in the same period , in other words , how far it has the realistic conditions conducive to its existence .
It should be noted , however , that , despite the difficulties encountered , the conditions conducive to the existence of the theory of high - interest are still not completely lost ;
Even in terms of its influence , it is not a hollow , meaningless doctrine , because it gradually becomes a spiritual force , through the consciousness or spirit of human beings , as it decreases with the loss of direct force , as a theory of the two fields of moral ethics and economic behavior , the reality and historical significance of the theory of high interest has actually exceeded one end of the ethical value , and has more value such as economic thought and so on .
【學(xué)位授予單位】：復(fù)旦大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：K503;F831.6

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本文編號：1938198