發(fā)布時間：2018-03-27 12:17

  本文選題：土地利用　切入點：群落結(jié)構(gòu)　出處：《云南大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：土地利用可以改變土地覆被狀況并影響許多生態(tài)過程。以颯馬場小流域為代表的滇中地區(qū),大面積的山地被改造成為坡耕地以種植桉樹、茶樹、梨樹等經(jīng)濟作物,人地關(guān)系緊張,生態(tài)破壞嚴(yán)重。土地利用的變化,改變了森林水環(huán)境效應(yīng)。研究該區(qū)域內(nèi)土地利用條件下的生態(tài)環(huán)境效應(yīng),對于整個滇中地區(qū)的環(huán)境整治具有重要的基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)支持作用。 本研究以滇中颯馬場小流域內(nèi)七種不同土地利用模式即灌草叢、云南松林、針闊混交林、常綠闊葉林、桉樹林、梨園、茶園為研究對象,結(jié)合野外調(diào)查和室內(nèi)分析,研究了不同土地利用條件下的群落結(jié)構(gòu)以及土壤的理化性質(zhì)特征,及其對面源污染輸出的影響。主要結(jié)果如下： (1)颯馬場流域自然林地(灌草叢、云南松林、針闊混交林、常綠闊葉林)和經(jīng)濟林(桉樹林、梨園、茶園)群落結(jié)構(gòu)具有差異。隨著群落逐漸復(fù)雜,自然林地喬木層各參數(shù)指標(biāo)均逐步增高,而灌木層的各參數(shù)則逐步降低。而對于經(jīng)果林地而言,其變化沒有明顯差異。經(jīng)濟林同自然林地相比,土地利用強度大,林木密度較自然林地高,但是其群落結(jié)構(gòu)單一,樹高較低,物種豐富度較差,枯落物厚度較薄,蓋度較小。 (2)不同土地利用模式對土壤物理性質(zhì)具有影響。通過攝動分析將研究對象同理想模型間差異進行量化,發(fā)現(xiàn)常綠闊葉林各項指標(biāo)綜合評價最高,攝動值為0.04,云南松林各項指標(biāo)綜合評價結(jié)果最低,攝動值為0.45。具體排序為：常綠闊葉林茶園針闊混交林梨園桉樹林灌草叢云南松林。 (3)不同土地利用模式對土壤化學(xué)性質(zhì)具有影響。通過對土壤化學(xué)性質(zhì)進行攝動分析發(fā)現(xiàn),土地面源污染茶園綜合源強最高,其攝動值為0.20,而桉樹林最低,攝動值為0.41。源強上茶園常綠闊葉林灌草叢針闊混交林梨園云南松林桉樹林。 (4)不同土地利用模式對面源污染輸出具有影響：五種土地利用類型微小區(qū)徑流輸出范圍在38.89-667.22m3/ha之間,SS輸出范圍在85.10-403.34g/ha之間,總氮輸出范圍在98.35-1058.82g/ha之間,總磷輸出范圍在20.32-103.69g/ha之間,總鉀輸出范圍在146.43-4858.81g/ha,COD輸出范圍在1308.87-41621.37g/ha。坡面尺度同微小區(qū)尺度相比,污染物濃度和輸移總量有明顯下降。 (5)颯馬場小流域面源污染總量的輸出,受到包括群落結(jié)構(gòu)、土壤物理性質(zhì)、土壤化學(xué)性質(zhì)各方面的影響。徑流是面源污染輸移的動力,群落結(jié)構(gòu)和土壤理化性質(zhì)的改變,均與產(chǎn)流有相關(guān)性。在污染物輸出總量上,除總氮與土壤物理性質(zhì)更為密切以外,其它各個指標(biāo)均與土壤化學(xué)性質(zhì)中的源強相關(guān)。
[Abstract]:Land use can change the land cover and affect many ecological processes. In the middle of Yunnan, represented by the small watershed of Sapachang, a large area of mountainous land has been transformed into sloping farmland to plant cash crops such as eucalyptus, tea, pear, etc. The change of land use has changed the effect of forest water environment. It plays an important role in basic data support for environmental improvement in the whole central Yunnan area. In this study, seven different land use patterns, including shrub, pine forest, coniferous and broadleaved forest, evergreen broadleaf forest, eucalyptus forest, pear orchard and tea orchard, were used as the research objects, combined with field investigation and indoor analysis. The community structure and physical and chemical properties of soil under different land use conditions were studied, and their effects on non-point source pollution output were studied. The main results were as follows:. The community structure of natural woodland (shrub grass, Yunnan pine forest, coniferous broadleaved forest, evergreen broadleaved forest) and economic forest (eucalyptus forest, pear orchard, tea garden) is different. The parameters of tree layer and shrub layer of natural forest land increased gradually, but the parameters of shrub layer decreased gradually. However, there was no obvious difference in the change of the parameters of tree layer and shrub layer. Compared with the natural forest land, the land use intensity of economic forest was higher than that of natural forest land. The forest density is higher than that of the natural forest land, but its community structure is single, the tree height is lower, the species richness is poor, the litter thickness is thinner and the coverage is smaller. (2) different land use patterns have influence on soil physical properties. By perturbation analysis, the difference between the study object and the ideal model is quantified, and the comprehensive evaluation of evergreen broad-leaved forest is found to be the highest. The perturbation value was 0.04, and the comprehensive evaluation result of various indexes of Yunnan pine forest was the lowest, and the perturbation value was 0.45. The order was as follows: evergreen broad-leaved tea garden, coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest, pear orchard, eucalyptus forest, shrub grass forest, Yunnan pine forest. 3) different land use patterns have influence on soil chemical properties. The results of perturbation analysis showed that the comprehensive source strength of tea garden polluted by land non-point source was the highest, and its perturbation value was 0.20, while that of eucalyptus forest was the lowest. The perturbation value was 0.41.The evergreen broad-leaved forest in Qiang Shang tea garden was shrub and broad-leaved forest, and the pear orchard was mixed with coniferous and broad-leaved forest in Yunnan pine forest eucalyptus forest. 4) different land use patterns have influence on non-point source pollution output: the runoff output range of five land use types is between 38.89-667.22m3/ha and 85.10-403.34g/ha, total nitrogen output is between 98.35-1058.82g/ha, total phosphorus output range is between 20.32-103.69g/ha, the output range of runoff is between 38.89-667.22m3/ha, total nitrogen output is between 85.10-403.34g/ha, total phosphorus output range is between 20.32-103.69g/ha, total nitrogen output range is 98.35-1058.82g/ha, total phosphorus output range is 20.32-103.69g/ha. The total potassium output ranges from 146.43-4858.81g / ha to 1308.87-41621.37g / ha. Compared with the microcell scale, the pollutant concentration and total transport volume decreased obviously on the slope scale. The output of the total non-point source pollution in the small watershed of Sama Chang is affected by community structure, soil physical properties and soil chemical properties. Runoff is the driving force of non-point source pollution transport, and the change of community structure and soil physical and chemical properties. In the total output of pollutants, except total nitrogen and soil physical properties are more closely related to the source strength of soil chemical properties.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：云南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：X52;F301.24

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