本文關鍵詞：東周青銅敦研究，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。

        青銅敦類器,出現(xiàn)于春秋中葉,盛行于春秋晚期至戰(zhàn)國,繼簋之后成為先秦時期青銅禮器組合中粢盛器的主流,廣泛出土于河南、河北、山西、山東、湖南、湖北、安徽、陜西等省區(qū)。青銅敦形態(tài)較多,從平底到圜底,從蓋、器扣合呈圜形到蓋、器扣合呈球形,從器、蓋不對稱到器、蓋對稱,是青銅敦的總體發(fā)展脈絡。我們根據(jù)這一總的發(fā)展脈絡,結合青銅敦的形態(tài)演變,將青銅敦分為蓋、器扣合呈圜形和蓋、器扣合呈球形兩大類。因其形態(tài)的多樣性,使青銅敦相對于其它粢盛器獲得了更多的生命力,從而得到了更多的發(fā)展空間。同時因為其形態(tài)多樣,長期以來,學者們圍繞其定名、功用、發(fā)展脈絡、器形演變及與相關器類,如盆、盂、簋、鼎、盒、豆的關系等方面,雖然作了不少有益的研究和探討,取得了很大成績,但仍存在較大分歧。本文以考古發(fā)掘出土的青銅敦為主要研究資料,適當參考部分時代明確的傳世器,從以下方面對青銅敦類器分別進行了探討。第一,關于青銅敦的定名與形制。本文從自名為敦的敦類器出發(fā),在對自名為敦的敦類器器形特征進行分類的基礎上,結合敦類器自身演變的先后承襲關系,認為目前稱之為盞的這類圓形敦類器無論從形態(tài)上還是時間上均處于青銅敦發(fā)展的中間環(huán)節(jié),所以“盞”應為楚文化區(qū)對這類器物的地域性名稱,而“敦”則應為通名。第二,關于青銅敦的類型學分析。本文根據(jù)青銅敦類器的總體發(fā)展脈絡,先依據(jù)青銅敦類器蓋、器扣合后的形狀分為蓋、器扣合呈圜形和蓋、器扣合呈球形兩大類,再運用考古類型學方法對兩大類青銅敦進行了型式劃分,明確了青銅敦在各個時期的特點,并對這兩大類青銅敦的先后承襲關系進行了探討,認為青銅敦的演變序列是甲類A型敦(平底敦)—甲類B型敦(盞式敦)—乙類敦(圓體敦)。第三,關于青銅敦的功用。本文從文獻中關于敦類器功用的記載、敦類器的自名、在墓葬組合中承擔的功用、出土敦的殘留物及使用痕跡幾個方面,并結合青銅敦自身的形制,對青銅敦的功用進行了探討,認為敦的主要功用是粢盛,但還具有鼎炊煮或盛放牲肉的功能。第四,關于青銅敦的分期演變。本文根據(jù)青銅敦自身形制的演變,結合紋飾及器物組合規(guī)律的變化,并參考同出器物的分期研究成果,將青銅敦的發(fā)展演變過程大致分為五期,即春秋中期偏早、春秋中期偏晚到春秋晚期偏早、春秋晚期偏晚到戰(zhàn)國早期、戰(zhàn)國中期、戰(zhàn)國晚期,認為春秋中期偏早是青銅敦發(fā)展的萌芽期,春秋中期偏晚到春秋晚期偏早是甲類敦大發(fā)展的時期,春秋晚期偏晚到戰(zhàn)國早期是青銅敦發(fā)展的高峰期,戰(zhàn)國中期是青銅敦從極盛逐漸走向衰落的時期,戰(zhàn)國晚期是青銅敦迅速走向消亡的時期。第五,關于青銅敦的組合。本文主要以科學發(fā)掘、沒有經(jīng)過盜擾的完整青銅禮器組合為研究材料,并適當參考一些雖無明確數(shù)據(jù),但墓葬等級比較明確的一些墓葬資料,將出土青銅敦的墓葬劃分為大、中、小型三個等級,以時間的早晚為主線,考察不同時期不同等級墓葬中青銅敦組合關系的變化,探求青銅敦在禮器組合中的地位及與其他粢盛器的關系,認為青銅敦在中小型墓葬中的獨立性較強,逐漸成為粢盛器的主流。而在大型墓葬中則大多居于從屬地位,未能成為主流粢盛器。第六,關于青銅敦的地域特征。本文根據(jù)不同地區(qū)青銅敦所表現(xiàn)出來的文化面貌上的特點,將青銅敦分為六大區(qū)域,主要運用文化因素分析方法進行分析,在對各個地區(qū)青銅敦特點分別探討的基礎上,對各個地區(qū)間青銅敦總的發(fā)展軌跡進行了探討,認為最早的甲類A型敦(平底敦)產(chǎn)生于中原地區(qū),在傳入長江中下游地區(qū)后,楚人又相繼創(chuàng)造性地創(chuàng)制了甲類B型敦和乙類敦,并對其他地區(qū)青銅敦的發(fā)展演變有重要影響。第七,關于青銅敦與相關器類的關系。本文運用類型學的方法,以器物自身的形制演變?yōu)橹?結合器物自名,參考墓葬組合情況,對敦與其他相關器類如盆、簋、鼎、盒、豆的關系進行了探討,認為敦是簋的派生物,同時受到盆和鼎的影響,與豆之間有一種相互影響且攜手并進的關系,最終被銅盒所取代。第八,關于青銅敦的起源與消亡。本文認為青銅敦起源于簋,由簋派生,但同時受到盆和鼎的影響。青銅敦產(chǎn)生于中國古代青銅器制作的第二個高峰期的大背景下,又以其形態(tài)的多樣性和功能的多重性,獲得了強大的生命力,迅速確立了其在食器中的地位,成為繼簋之后又一粢盛器的主流。青銅敦的衰落是在簋類粢盛器衰落的大背景下發(fā)生的,同時銅盒的興起和秦人對銅敦的排斥加速了銅敦的衰落。由于本人學力有限,謬誤在所難免,敬請方家指正。

    The bronze Dui(敦)appeared in the middle Spring and Autumn period, and prevailed from the late Spring and Autumn to the Warring States. Following the bronze Gui(簋),bronze Dui became a mainstream of the vessel for containing food in the combination of ritual bronzes in pre-Qin period. They were widely unearthed in Henan, Hebei, Shanxi,Shandong, Hunan, Hubei, Anhui and Shaanxi. The bronze Dui had many shapes, from the flat bottom to the celestial body bottom, from gathered covers and buckle assuming shape of celestial to gathered overs and buckle assuming shape of sphere, from buckle and covers unsymmetried to symmetried, they were the overall development vein of the bronze Dui. According to this overall development vein and the shape evolution of bronze Dui, we divide the bronze into gathered covers and buckle assuming cellist and gathered overs and buckle assuming sphere. Because of its shape’s multiplicity, bronze Dui obtained more vitalities comparing with other millet vessel, thus they had more development opportunities. Simultaneously because of their diverse shape, scholars have had done many beneficial researches and discussion regarding their naming, function, development vein, shape evolution and relative instrument(such as Pen(盆)、Yu(盂)、Gui、Ding(鼎)、He(盒)、Dou(豆)),and had made very big progresses, but their view still had many divergences. This article takes unearthed bronze by excavation discovery as main research material and refers to some handed down vessel that had explicit times to separately discuss the bronze Dui as follows:The first is about bronze Dui’s name and shape. Beginning from discussing the bronze Dui’s name, and at the base of classifying the characteristic of the vevessel of the bronze Dui, along with the successively relations of the bronze Dui’s own evolution, this article view that the present so-called Zhan with celestial shape were on the middle link of the bronze Dui’s development regardless in the shape or in the time. Therefore, "Zhan" should be a regional name which the Chu culture area called that kind of utensil, and "Dui" should be the usual name.The second is about the taxonomy analysis on the bronze Dui. According to the vessel of bronze Dui’s overall development vein, this article firstly divide the bronze Dui into two kinds(gathered covers and buckle assuming cellist and gathered overs and buckle assuming sphere) according to the gathered shape of the bronze Dui’s covers and buckle. Then, carries on the pattern division to two kind of bronze Dui using the archaeology taxonomy, so could be clear about the characteristic of the bronze Dui in each time. This article also discusses the successively relations on these two kind of bronze Dui, and considers that the evolution sequence of the bronze Dui was Class A A Dui(flat base Dui)-Class A B Dui(a type of Zhan)-the class B Dui (circles Dui).The third is about the function of bronze Dui. This article discusses the function of the Dui with the Dui’s own construction and from several aspects such as literature record about the Dui’s function, Dui’s own name, the function undertaking in the grave combination, the residuum of the unearthed Dui and use trace. The conclusion is that the main function of the Dui was to millet, but also had the Ding’s funtions, such as cooking, boilling or holding the meat of the livestock.The fourth is about the stages evolution of the bronze Dui. According to the evolution of the bronze Dui’s own construction and the the combination rule’s changes of decorative design in a utensil and vessel and also refering to the stages research results of the accompany vessels, this article approximately divides the evolution process of the bronze Dui into five periods, namely the earlier middle Spring and Autumn period, from the later middle Spring and Autumn to earlier late Spring and Autumn, from the later late Spring and Autumn later to the early Warring States, middle Warring States, the late Warring States, respectively were the period of the sprouting time of the bronze, the big development of the Class A Dui, the peak development of the bronze Dui, gradually declining period of the bronze Dui, and the withering period.The sixth is about the regional characters of the bronze Dui. This article divides the bronze Dui into six large regions according to the character of the cultural appearance which the different local bronze Dui displayed, I will analyze it mainly using the cultural element analysitic method, and discuss each interzone bronze Dui’s total development path at the base of discussing separately the characters of each local bronze Dui. This article considers that earliest Class A A Dui (flat base Dui) produced in the Yellow River area, after spreading to middle and lower Yangtze River area, Chu’s people creatively formulated the Class A B and the class B Dui, thus having the important effect to other local bronze Dui’s development and evolution.The seventh is about the relations of bronze Dui and related vessels. With the method of typology this thesis explores the relations of bronze Dui and other related vessels,such as Pen, Gui, Ding, He and Dou Vessel, combining devices’s name and refering to states of combination of Ancient Tombs. In my opinion, as the derivatives of Gui, bronze Duis affected by Pen and Ding and had a kind of relations of influencing each other and going forward hand in hand with Sacrificial Vessel, fanally replaced by bronze He.The eighth is about the origin and extinction of bronze Dui. This article hold that bronze Dui originated from Gui, was he derivatives of Gui, and affected by Pen and Ding. Bronze Dui came into being In the second peak of making ancient bronzes of China. With the diversity of shapes and the multiplicity of functions, Bronze Dui fastly established its status In the food vessels and became the mainstream of the vessel for containing food after Gui.The decline of bronze Dui happened in the general trend of decline of the vessel for containing food as Gui, at the same time boom of bronze He and the reject to bronze Dui of Qin people speed up the decline of bronze Dui.Because myself scholarship is limited, the error is unavoidable, so I will welcome criticism on my article.

東周青銅敦研究

摘要3-5Abstract5-7緒論10-15    第一節(jié) 青銅敦的研究概況10-13    第二節(jié) 研究的意義13-14    第三節(jié) 研究方法和理論14-15第一章 青銅敦的定名及功用15-21    第一節(jié) 青銅敦的定名15-19    第二節(jié) 青銅敦的功用19-21第二章 青銅敦的類型學分析21-35    第一節(jié) 甲類敦21-27    第二節(jié) 乙類敦27-35第三章 青銅敦的分期演變35-41第四章 青銅敦的組合41-48第五章 青銅敦的區(qū)域分析48-56    第一節(jié) 中原地區(qū)48-50    第二節(jié) 海岱地區(qū)50-51    第三節(jié) 長江中、下游地區(qū)51-53    第四節(jié) 巴蜀地區(qū)53    第五節(jié) 北方地區(qū)53-54    第六節(jié) 關中地區(qū)54-56第六章 敦與相關器類的關系56-72    第一節(jié) 敦與簋的關系56-61    第二節(jié) 敦與盆的關系61-64    第三節(jié) 敦與鼎的關系64-67    第四節(jié) 敦與盒的關系67-70    第五節(jié) 敦與豆的關系70-72第七章 青銅敦的起源與消亡72-75    第一節(jié) 青銅敦的起源72-73    第二節(jié) 青銅敦的消亡73-75結語75-76參考文獻76-84附表84-114致謝114-115攻讀學位期間研究成果115-116附圖116-117

  本文關鍵詞：東周青銅敦研究，，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。