司馬遷史學(xué)思想不_司馬遷社會(huì)思想探析
本文關(guān)鍵詞：司馬遷社會(huì)思想探析，，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。
司馬遷社會(huì)思想探析
司馬遷社會(huì)思想探析
社會(huì)思想是人們在生產(chǎn)和生活實(shí)踐中所形成的,關(guān)于社會(huì)生活秩序的構(gòu)建、管理,以及理想社會(huì)模式的觀念、構(gòu)想或理論。司馬遷撰述《史記》,發(fā)表“一家之言”,社會(huì)思想在其思想體系中占有重要的地位,但長久以來研究薄弱,本文運(yùn)用社會(huì)學(xué)提供的相關(guān)理論和策略,嘗試從以下三個(gè)方面來探討司馬遷的社會(huì)思想：第一部分,司馬遷關(guān)于社會(huì)起源和發(fā)展的深思。司馬遷將人和社會(huì)的起源的歸結(jié)到“人”身上,將社會(huì)由無序化到組織化蛻變的功績歸于黃帝,但又提出這一蛻變的深層理由是人的欲望,進(jìn)而提出社會(huì)是不斷發(fā)展變化的觀點(diǎn),并將社會(huì)發(fā)展變化的根本理由歸結(jié)到“人”。第二部分,司馬遷對(duì)社會(huì)分層的深思。司馬遷受時(shí)代的限制,依然將政治地位作為社會(huì)分層的主要標(biāo)準(zhǔn),并通過《史記》五體結(jié)構(gòu)集中體現(xiàn)出來,但同時(shí)也注意到了經(jīng)濟(jì)因素在社會(huì)分層中的作用,并進(jìn)一步提出了“素封論”對(duì)權(quán)力本位的社會(huì)等級(jí)制度提出挑戰(zhàn),對(duì)于君王、官吏(王公貴戚)、平民這三個(gè)當(dāng)時(shí)社會(huì)典型的階層的社會(huì)角色提出了獨(dú)到的深思。在此基礎(chǔ)上,司馬遷批判了當(dāng)時(shí)統(tǒng)治者限制社會(huì)流動(dòng),主張開放社會(huì)流動(dòng),鼓勵(lì)人民通過自己的努力轉(zhuǎn)變社會(huì)地位。第三部分,司馬遷對(duì)社會(huì)制約和社會(huì)治理模式的深思。社會(huì)分層的現(xiàn)實(shí)決定了司馬遷在深思社會(huì)制約的起源時(shí),將君王的作用放到了關(guān)鍵位置,因此主張社會(huì)制約的主體是統(tǒng)治者,這就決定了司馬遷對(duì)歷史上幾種社會(huì)治理模式的深思中,還是以統(tǒng)治者為中心,并沿著這個(gè)以統(tǒng)治者為中心的思路而提出自己理想的社會(huì)治理模式,但歷史眼光決定了其對(duì)統(tǒng)治者提出的要求,以民為本�？偨Y(jié)司馬遷的社會(huì)思想,主要有鮮明的人文精神、濃厚的平民色彩、強(qiáng)烈的批判性和獨(dú)特的創(chuàng)造性幾大特點(diǎn),盡管長久沒有得到重視,但掩蓋不了其思想光輝。
【Abstract】 Social thought is shaped in daily life and practice. It is mainly about the construction and management of social life order and the idea and theory of idealistic social mode. Sima Qian illustrated his own point of view about the social thought in Historical Records. In the book social thought played an important role in his idea system. However, few scholars focused on it for a long time. The thesis tries to discuss the social thought of Sima Qian in the following three aspects by using relative theories and methods provided by sociology:Firstly, the thesis talks about Sima Qian’s thought about social origin and development. Sima Qian put the human and social origin on "humans", suggesting that Yellow Emperor contributed to the change from social disorder into organization. But he also suggested that the deep reason of the change is due to man’s desire, showing society is continuously changing and developing. Therefore, the basic reason of social change and development is due to "humans".Secondly, the thesis involves his thought of social stratification. Limited by age, Sima Qian still thought of the political position as the main standard of social stratification, which was shown in Historical Records. Meanwhile, he proposed that "Su Feng Lun" challenged social stratification of right standard. He also raised his own thought about kings, officials and citizens, which were the typical and ranked social roles in that society. On the basis, Sima Qian criticized the ruler of that time limited the social mobility and supported an open society.Thirdly, the thesis discusses his thought of social control and social administrative mode. When Sima Qian thought about the origin of social control, he thought the kings effect is the key point. Therefore, he intended that the main part of social control is the ruler. So it turns out that ruler is the center in the several mode sof social administration by Sima Qian. He gave out his own realistic social administrative mode by his theory. But his view on history determined that he would raise more demands to the ruler:people oriented.Sima Qian’s social thought contains clear humanistic spirit,deep commoner characteristics, strong criticalness. Although few people regarded his social idea, it does be meaningful and valuable.
【關(guān)鍵詞】 司馬遷； 社會(huì)思想； 社會(huì)分層； 社會(huì)制約；【Key words】 Sima Qian； social thought； social hierarchy； social control；
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