發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-05-31 02:12

  本文選題：小日本主義 + 石橋湛山��； 參考：《吉林大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：小日本主義和大日本主義是小國主義和大國主義在日本的具體化,“大國主”原名為“大國沙文主義”,是指在國際關(guān)系中,那些所謂的大國對弱小的國家所實(shí)施的侵略行為,如大國為了自身獲得更大的利益,利用其豐富的資源、雄厚的經(jīng)濟(jì)及軍事實(shí)力輕視、干涉、侵犯那些弱小國家的主權(quán)、領(lǐng)土及人民利益的行為皆可稱為大國主義,具有濃厚的軍事擴(kuò)張、侵略色彩。而小國主義并無明確定義,大略包括如下內(nèi)容:人民掌握國家主權(quán),享有自由、平等的權(quán)利;與鄰國和平相處,政治上謙和相待,不用軍事力量解決國際間的矛盾等等。小日本主義是日本特定歷史條件下的產(chǎn)物,有著悠久的歷史,其主張作為反對帝國主義侵略的重要特征,在日本近代史上有著非常重要的地位。早在日本明治中期就能看到自由民權(quán)論者的小國主義思想;其后在日俄戰(zhàn)爭前后,在《平民新聞》上也能見到一些社會主義者的小國論;但是最有代表性的還是《東洋經(jīng)濟(jì)新報(bào)》一家的小日本主義論,其理論基礎(chǔ)有著獨(dú)特的、功利的經(jīng)濟(jì)合理主義的特征,尤其是作為集大成者石橋湛山的小日本主義更為突出。其思想形成路徑與原因也是受多種因素影響的。幼年時(shí)日蓮宗的熏陶、中學(xué)時(shí)期及其成年后西方哲學(xué)的影響、軍隊(duì)生活的磨煉、東洋經(jīng)濟(jì)新報(bào)社的記者經(jīng)歷等,分別從各個(gè)不同層面對石橋湛山的性格、人生觀、價(jià)值觀、戰(zhàn)爭觀和國家觀等給予了深刻的影響。而當(dāng)時(shí)日本的自由民權(quán)運(yùn)動、戰(zhàn)爭等種種社會因素,更加促進(jìn)了石橋湛山小日本主義思想的形成。從1911年石橋湛山加入東洋經(jīng)濟(jì)新報(bào)社,以《東洋經(jīng)濟(jì)新報(bào)》為陣地先后發(fā)表多篇文章,明確舉起小日本主義的旗幟。這個(gè)時(shí)期是小日本主義的第一個(gè)高潮期,同時(shí)也是小日本主義與大日本主義對立最為明顯的時(shí)期。但石橋湛山的聲音并沒有阻擋軍國主義者侵略的步伐。1932年,日本在長春扶植溥儀建立“偽滿洲國”,中國東北淪為其殖民地;1937年,日本繼續(xù)武力全面侵華;1940年締結(jié)德、意、日三國同盟;1941年12月7日,日本偷襲珍珠港,日美開戰(zhàn)。二戰(zhàn)時(shí)期,日本的法西斯統(tǒng)治空前黑暗,政府對言論、思想自由的鎮(zhèn)壓非常嚴(yán)厲,舉國一致的戰(zhàn)爭熱,對此石橋湛山也不得不“對外”修正自己的言論,這時(shí)期石橋湛山對于大日本主義,軍國法西斯主義等的反對是非常婉轉(zhuǎn)而有策略的,隱藏了一戰(zhàn)時(shí)期的鋒芒和激烈的言辭,更多的從經(jīng)濟(jì)方面提出勸告或建設(shè)性的意見,選擇了一讓一進(jìn)的前進(jìn)方式。并且對于日本的侵略行為的既成事實(shí)給與了一定的承認(rèn),但這并不是徹底放棄了小日本主義思想,只是石橋湛山為躲避政治迫害的權(quán)宜之計(jì),所以其讓步、妥協(xié)中蘊(yùn)含著維持現(xiàn)狀,防止形勢擴(kuò)大、惡化的思想。并且其核心思想的根源仍是其小日本主義的主張。二戰(zhàn)末期,隨著日本在侵略戰(zhàn)爭中的節(jié)節(jié)敗退和法西斯的消亡,小日本主義重新獲得了生存的機(jī)會,并在二戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后得到了很多日本人的認(rèn)可。1945年8月15日,日本宣布投降。日本民眾面對戰(zhàn)敗和美國的武裝占領(lǐng),社會意識再一次發(fā)生了轉(zhuǎn)變。一時(shí)間自由主義思想的影響力與日俱增。而二戰(zhàn)期間被迫沉默的石橋湛山也開始重整旗鼓,呼吁國民早日擺脫戰(zhàn)敗的影響,重振勇氣,重建新的日本,再次發(fā)出小日本主義的聲音。并且石橋湛山?jīng)Q心投身政界,親身去實(shí)踐小日本主義的政治模式。1946年5月,吉田茂第一次組閣時(shí),接受鳩山的推薦,辭去東洋經(jīng)濟(jì)新報(bào)社社長一職,出任大藏大臣;1954年12月,出任鳩山內(nèi)閣的通產(chǎn)大臣;1956年12月23日,石橋湛山在自民黨總裁競選中勝出,隨即擔(dān)任日本首相。從步入政界到離開政界的十二年間,無論是在面對戰(zhàn)敗問題還是日本的戰(zhàn)后改革及重建問題上,石橋湛山都積極推行各種政策,努力實(shí)現(xiàn)其小日本主義思想。其后隨著美、蘇矛盾的加劇,國際上出現(xiàn)了東西兩大陣營在政治和外交上的對立。面對此國際環(huán)境,石橋湛山的小日本主義在復(fù)蘇的同時(shí)也注入了新的內(nèi)涵:即為使日本擺脫美國的束縛,必須真正實(shí)現(xiàn)自主外交,增加日本在外交政策方面的回旋余地。其后石橋湛山提出《日中美蘇和平同盟》構(gòu)想,并且在退出政界的余生都在積極努力的推進(jìn)這一和平思想的實(shí)現(xiàn)。綜上,石橋湛山的小日本主義因其個(gè)人、社會因素和一戰(zhàn)、二戰(zhàn)及冷戰(zhàn)的國際局勢的變化經(jīng)歷了多次的轉(zhuǎn)變,同時(shí)也在不斷地注入新的內(nèi)涵。概括石橋湛山的小日本主義就是:對內(nèi),提倡人民的自由與平等,反對專制,主張政黨政治和普選權(quán);對外,反對戰(zhàn)爭和侵略擴(kuò)張,主張放棄一切殖民地、走和平外交及國際協(xié)調(diào)路線。而且其小日本主義思想有著自己獨(dú)特的特征:一、功利主義色彩濃厚。二、堅(jiān)持以個(gè)人為中心,重視個(gè)人的能動性和人類現(xiàn)實(shí)生活的實(shí)踐性。三、其理論基礎(chǔ)的運(yùn)用上,始終在“欲望統(tǒng)一”的哲學(xué)基礎(chǔ)上隨著個(gè)人,環(huán)境等種種因素的改變不斷的調(diào)整實(shí)現(xiàn)方法。小日本主義雖從未成為日本的立國之策,但二戰(zhàn)后因?yàn)閼?zhàn)敗和美國的軍事占領(lǐng),卻使得民眾重新認(rèn)識了小日本主義的正確與價(jià)值,并在日本的憲法制定、國家發(fā)展路線的轉(zhuǎn)變及中日關(guān)系上都有很大的體現(xiàn)和影響,這也未嘗不是日本面對戰(zhàn)敗和被占領(lǐng)的局勢下,對于曾經(jīng)一貫主張軍事擴(kuò)張、霸權(quán)主義的大日本主義路線的否定,也是對于戰(zhàn)爭的深刻反思。近年來日本政界接二連三提出破壞原有的和諧、和平的主張,尤其是安倍近期提出的“積極和平主義”外交等論調(diào),無不染上似曾相識的“大日本主義”印跡。大日本主義乎?小日本主義乎?日本政府與國民是否又一次面臨這一歷史性的選擇,可見石橋湛山的小日本主義主張中無論是內(nèi)政還是外政對當(dāng)時(shí)的日本乃至現(xiàn)今的日本及國際關(guān)系都有一定的指導(dǎo)價(jià)值及借鑒意義,值得去深入研究。
[Abstract]:The small Japanese doctrine and the great Japanese doctrine are the concretion of the small nationalism and the great power in Japan. The "big power owner" is originally called "the great power chauvinism". It refers to the aggressive behavior of the so-called big countries in the weak and small countries in the international relations, for example, the great powers have made use of their rich resources and rich resources for their own benefit. The behavior of the economic and military strength, interfering, violating the sovereignty, territory and people's interests of those small and weak countries can be known as big powers, with strong military expansion and aggressive colors. However, the small nationalism has no clear definition, including the following contents: the people have the right to master state sovereignty, enjoy freedom and equality; and peace with neighbouring countries. As a result of a long history, Japanese doctrine, as an important feature of anti imperialist aggression, has a very important position in the modern history of Japan. As early as the Meiji middle of Japan, it was able to see freedom. The small nationalist ideas of the civil rights theorists; then, before and after the Japanese Russian war, there are also a few Socialists' small nationalism in the "civilian news"; but the most representative is the small Japanese doctrine of the new eastern economic new newspaper. Its theoretical basis is characterized by unique and utilitarian economic rationalism, especially as an aggregation. Ishihashi Tanzan's small Japanese doctrine is more prominent. The path and causes of his thought are influenced by many factors. The influence of the lotus sect, the influence of the middle school and the Western Philosophy in the middle school, the training of the army life, the experience of the new newspaper in the East Asia, and so on, face Ishihashi Tanzan's character from different layers, respectively. The outlook on life, values, the view of war and the view of the country had a profound influence. At that time, various social factors such as the movement of freedom and civil rights, war and other social factors promoted the formation of Ishihashi Tanzan's little Japanese ideology. The first climax of the small Japanese doctrine was the first climax of the small Japanese doctrine. At the same time, it was the most obvious period of the antagonism between the small Japanese doctrine and the Japanese doctrine. But the voice of Shiqiao and Zhanshan did not obstruct the invasion of the militarists in.1932 years. Japan established the "pseudo Manchuria state" in Changchun, China, China, China. The Northeast became its colony; in 1937, Japan continued to invade China by force in an all-round way; in 1940 it concluded Germany, Italy, Japan and the Three Kingdoms; in December 7, 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, Japan and the United States opened war. During the Second World War, Japan's fascist rule was unparalleled. The government's repression of speech, freedom of thought was very severe, and the war of the nation was unconformed, and Ishihashi Tanzan also In this period, the opposition of Shiqiao and Zhan Shan to the great Japanese doctrine, the military state fascism and so on was very tactful and tactful. It hides the front and fierce words of the first World War, and puts forward more advices or constructive opinions from the economic aspect, and chooses the way of advance. It also gave a certain recognition to the facts of the Japanese aggression, but it did not give up the thought of the small Japanese doctrine. It was only the expedient plan to avoid the political persecution. Therefore, the compromise contained the thought of maintaining the present situation and preventing the situation from expanding and deteriorating. And the root of its core thought is still its root. At the end of World War II, with the defeat of Japan in the war of aggression and the disappearance of fascist, the small Japanese doctrine regained the opportunity to survive, and was recognized by many Japanese after the end of World War II.1945, in August 15th, the Japanese declared surrender. Japan was faced with the defeat of the war and the armed occupation of the United States. Consciousness has changed again. The influence of the thought of liberalism is increasing. And Ishihashi Tanzan, who was forced to be silent during the Second World War, began to reunite, calling on the people to get rid of the influence of the defeat, to revive the courage, to rebuild the new Japan, and to reissue the voice of the small Japanese. To practice the political model of the small Japanese doctrine, in May.1946, when Yoshida Shige first set up a cabinet, he accepted Yukio's recommendation, resigned as president of the Dongyang new economic news agency, served as the Secretary of the Tibetan minister; in December 1954, served as the Secretary of the Secretary of the Yukio cabinet; in December 23, 1956, Ishihashi Tanzan won the election of the president of the Liberal Democratic Party and immediately served as Prime Minister of Japan. In the twelve years from entering politics to leaving politics, whether in the face of the problem of defeat or the post-war reform and reconstruction of Japan, Ishihashi Tanzan has actively pursued various policies to achieve its small Japanese ideology. Then, with the intensification of the contradictions between the United States and the Soviet Union, the two big camps in the world appeared in the political and diplomatic relations. In the face of this international environment, Ishihashi Tanzan's small Japanese doctrine, at the same time, has also injected new connotations in the recovery. In order to get Japan out of the bondage of the United States, it must truly realize its own diplomacy and increase the scope of Japan's foreign policy. All the rest of our lives are trying to promote the realization of this peaceful thought. To sum up, Ishihashi Tanzan's small Japanese doctrine has undergone many changes because of its personal, social factors, the World War I, World War II and the cold war, and also constantly inject new connotation. It is a summary of the small Japanese doctrine of Shi Hashi Tanzan: to the inside, to advocate the people. Freedom and equality, opposing autocracy, advocating political party politics and universal suffrage; foreign, opposing war and aggression expansion, advocating abandoning all colonies, taking peace diplomacy and international coordination line. And its small Japanese ideology has its own unique characteristics: first, utilitarianism. Two, insisting on individual centered and paying attention to individual ability Three, on the basis of its theoretical basis, its theoretical basis has always been adjusted and realized on the basis of the philosophy of "the unity of desire", with the changes of individual and environmental factors. Although the small Japanese doctrine has never become the policy of Japan, the two after the war was defeated by the war and the military occupation of the United States. The people rerecognized the correctness and value of the small Japanese doctrine, and in the constitution of Japan, the transformation of the national development line and the Sino Japanese relations, it is not the Japanese line of Japan, which has consistently advocated the expansion of military affairs and hegemonism in the face of the situation of defeat and occupation. It is also a profound reflection on the war. In recent years, Japan's political circles have put forward a series of proposals to destroy the original harmony and peace, especially the "positive pacifism" diplomacy proposed by Andouble in the near future. Whether to face this historical choice again, it can be seen that Ishihashi Tanzan's small Japanese doctrine, whether internal or external, has a certain guiding value and reference significance to Japan and international relations at that time and even today. It is worth studying deeply.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：K313

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