江戶(hù)時(shí)期西洋醫(yī)學(xué)在日本的傳播研究（1603-1853）
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-11-01 18:28
【摘要】：江戶(hù)時(shí)期在日本歷史上占有非常重要的地位,它是日本從封建國(guó)家向現(xiàn)代社會(huì)過(guò)渡的重要轉(zhuǎn)型時(shí)期。這一時(shí)期日本對(duì)西方文化的吸收是日本實(shí)現(xiàn)明治維新,快速轉(zhuǎn)型的先決條件�？v觀整個(gè)江戶(hù)時(shí)期日本吸收西方科學(xué)的進(jìn)程,醫(yī)學(xué)是最早攝取的科學(xué)文化之一,且其是在鎖國(guó)狀態(tài)下,唯一持續(xù)穩(wěn)定的傳入日本的西洋科學(xué)。屆時(shí)以醫(yī)學(xué)傳播為先導(dǎo),帶動(dòng)了18世紀(jì)日本學(xué)習(xí)西方科技的浪潮。因此,研究江戶(hù)時(shí)期西洋醫(yī)學(xué)的傳播,可以為觀察江戶(hù)日本與西洋的交流提供新視角。本文運(yùn)用歷史唯物主義的研究方法,梳理江戶(hù)時(shí)期西洋醫(yī)學(xué)的傳播進(jìn)程,從傳播的主體、方式等角度剖析其特征和影響。本文特選取1603-1853年作為考察時(shí)段,分四個(gè)部分來(lái)論述。第一章主要探討在江戶(hù)時(shí)期之前,西洋醫(yī)學(xué)的傳入情況。1534年葡萄牙人來(lái)日,開(kāi)啟了日本與歐洲交流的序幕�；浇虃鹘淌吭趥鹘虝r(shí),選擇醫(yī)學(xué)作為傳教的有力輔助手段——他們?cè)谌毡拘嗅t(yī),開(kāi)展醫(yī)療救助活動(dòng),開(kāi)辦慈善院等。同時(shí),16世紀(jì)是日本群雄混戰(zhàn)的戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期,征戰(zhàn)造成大量傷亡,這加劇了整個(gè)社會(huì)對(duì)更高的醫(yī)療救助手段的渴望�；浇虨閭鹘躺钊肴毡旧鐣�(huì),廣泛診治下級(jí)武士和平民,其效果顯著的外科技術(shù),給日本人留下了深刻印象。日本本土醫(yī)生自發(fā)學(xué)習(xí)西洋醫(yī)學(xué),由此形成了南蠻流外科,這一醫(yī)學(xué)流派一直存在至江戶(hù)早期,成為江戶(hù)時(shí)期日本接受西洋醫(yī)學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)。第二章主要探討江戶(hù)初期,傳播西洋醫(yī)學(xué)的主體、方式,其時(shí)段為1603年至1720年。1603年德川幕府建立后,為穩(wěn)固統(tǒng)治實(shí)行鎖國(guó)政策,荷蘭成為鎖國(guó)時(shí)期唯一與日本進(jìn)行貿(mào)易往來(lái)的西洋國(guó)家。因此,荷蘭為江戶(hù)時(shí)代西洋醫(yī)學(xué)的在日傳播提供了重要的橋梁作用。初期,傳播的主體為荷蘭商館醫(yī)和荷蘭語(yǔ)翻譯(即阿蘭陀通詞)這兩大群體。商館醫(yī)通過(guò)給日本人診治、授課這兩種方式傳播西洋醫(yī)學(xué)。通詞通過(guò)家族承襲或師徒傳授的方式傳播西洋醫(yī)學(xué)。第三章主要探討江戶(hù)中后期,傳播西洋醫(yī)學(xué)的重要事件,主體和方式。以1720年第八代將軍德川吉宗上任頒布馳禁令為標(biāo)志,西洋醫(yī)學(xué)的傳播進(jìn)入新階段。18世紀(jì)日本社會(huì)崇尚實(shí)證、實(shí)驗(yàn)的實(shí)學(xué)勃興,醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域則是注重實(shí)驗(yàn)的古醫(yī)派的興起。為西洋醫(yī)學(xué)的進(jìn)一步傳播提供了良好的社會(huì)環(huán)境。1774年日本近代醫(yī)學(xué)著作《解體新書(shū)》的譯著,開(kāi)啟了日本社會(huì)大規(guī)模學(xué)習(xí)西洋醫(yī)學(xué)的浪潮。從解剖學(xué)到內(nèi)科、眼科、病理學(xué)等,越來(lái)越多的西洋醫(yī)學(xué)知識(shí)傳入日本。在此種浪潮之下,傳播方式也發(fā)生了顯著的變化,以翻譯書(shū)籍和開(kāi)辦醫(yī)學(xué)私塾為主要傳播方式。這一時(shí)期的傳播主體主要為日本本土專(zhuān)業(yè)醫(yī)學(xué)者。第四章分析前后兩階段傳播的特征及影響。初期以技術(shù)為主,傳播范圍較小,集中在長(zhǎng)崎一地,所產(chǎn)生的影響也較小。且這一時(shí)期傳播的醫(yī)學(xué)知識(shí),就內(nèi)容上來(lái)說(shuō),準(zhǔn)確性和科學(xué)性不高,較為粗淺。而后期,傳播的廣度、深度均大大超過(guò)前期。作為異質(zhì)文化交流的載體之一,醫(yī)學(xué)的傳播反應(yīng)出日本在吸收外來(lái)文化時(shí)注重實(shí)用的態(tài)度和特點(diǎn)。正是對(duì)醫(yī)學(xué)的持續(xù)吸收,為日本近代醫(yī)學(xué)、化學(xué)、物理學(xué)等學(xué)科的快速發(fā)展奠定了基礎(chǔ)。注重實(shí)踐、實(shí)驗(yàn)的西洋醫(yī)學(xué)的傳入,使得日本人開(kāi)始用合理、科學(xué)的態(tài)度看待世界,這也為日本明治維新的成功奠定了思想基礎(chǔ)。
[Abstract]:Jiang's period occupies a very important position in Japan's history, and it is an important transformation period from the feudal state to the transition of the modern society. Japan's absorption of western culture in this period is a prerequisite for Japan to realize the new and rapid transformation of the west. Throughout the whole river, Japan absorbed the process of western science, medicine is one of the earliest scientific culture, and it is only the western science in the state of the locked country, the only continuous and stable introduction into Japan. At that time, taking medical communication as the lead, it led to the wave of western science and technology in Japan in the 18th century. Therefore, the study of the spread of western medicine in the Yangtze River can provide a new perspective for observing the communication between the Japanese and the West. This paper makes use of the method of study of western medicine, combs the propagation process of western medicine in Jiangkou period, and analyzes its characteristics and influence from the main body, way and so on. In this paper, four parts are discussed in this paper, which is used as the period of investigation in 1853. In the first chapter, the introduction of western medicine was mainly discussed. The Portuguese came to Japan in 1534 and opened the prelude of communication between Japan and Europe. During the missionary work, Christian missionaries chose medicine as a powerful auxiliary means of missionary work. They carried out medical assistance activities in Japan, carried out medical assistance activities, and opened a charity hospital. At the same time, the 16th century was the battle of the Japanese group, which resulted in a large number of casualties, which aggravated the whole society's aspiration for higher medical aid. Christianity has been deeply impressed by the Japanese as a missionary in-depth Japanese society, the extensive diagnosis and treatment of lower-level warriors and civilians, the remarkable surgical technique. Japanese local doctors spontaneously study Western medicine, thus forming a surgical field of Nanhe flow, which has existed in the early stage of the river and became the basis of Japanese acceptance of western medicine in the period of Jiangan. The second chapter mainly discusses the main body and mode of the western medicine in the early stage of the river, and the time segment is from 1890 to 1720. After the establishment of the Tokugawa shogu, the Netherlands became the only Western country to trade with Japan during the period of the lock country. Therefore, the Netherlands provides an important bridge for the daily transmission of western medicine in the Yangtze River. In the early days, the subject of the spread was the two large groups of Dutch merchants and Dutch translations (i.e. Alan Tatar). The doctor's hall doctor transmitted western medicine in both ways through the diagnosis and treatment of Japanese people. To spread western medicine in such a way that the word is taught by a family or by a teacher. The third chapter mainly discusses the important events, the main body and the way to spread western medicine in the middle and later stages of the river. In the eighth generation of 1720, the spread of western medicine entered the new stage. In the 18th century, the Japanese society advocates an empirical and experimental study, and the medical field is the rise of the experimental ancient medical school. It provides a good social environment for the further transmission of western medicine. In 1774, the translation of Japanese Modern Medical Work
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K313.36
本文編號(hào)：2304737
[Abstract]:Jiang's period occupies a very important position in Japan's history, and it is an important transformation period from the feudal state to the transition of the modern society. Japan's absorption of western culture in this period is a prerequisite for Japan to realize the new and rapid transformation of the west. Throughout the whole river, Japan absorbed the process of western science, medicine is one of the earliest scientific culture, and it is only the western science in the state of the locked country, the only continuous and stable introduction into Japan. At that time, taking medical communication as the lead, it led to the wave of western science and technology in Japan in the 18th century. Therefore, the study of the spread of western medicine in the Yangtze River can provide a new perspective for observing the communication between the Japanese and the West. This paper makes use of the method of study of western medicine, combs the propagation process of western medicine in Jiangkou period, and analyzes its characteristics and influence from the main body, way and so on. In this paper, four parts are discussed in this paper, which is used as the period of investigation in 1853. In the first chapter, the introduction of western medicine was mainly discussed. The Portuguese came to Japan in 1534 and opened the prelude of communication between Japan and Europe. During the missionary work, Christian missionaries chose medicine as a powerful auxiliary means of missionary work. They carried out medical assistance activities in Japan, carried out medical assistance activities, and opened a charity hospital. At the same time, the 16th century was the battle of the Japanese group, which resulted in a large number of casualties, which aggravated the whole society's aspiration for higher medical aid. Christianity has been deeply impressed by the Japanese as a missionary in-depth Japanese society, the extensive diagnosis and treatment of lower-level warriors and civilians, the remarkable surgical technique. Japanese local doctors spontaneously study Western medicine, thus forming a surgical field of Nanhe flow, which has existed in the early stage of the river and became the basis of Japanese acceptance of western medicine in the period of Jiangan. The second chapter mainly discusses the main body and mode of the western medicine in the early stage of the river, and the time segment is from 1890 to 1720. After the establishment of the Tokugawa shogu, the Netherlands became the only Western country to trade with Japan during the period of the lock country. Therefore, the Netherlands provides an important bridge for the daily transmission of western medicine in the Yangtze River. In the early days, the subject of the spread was the two large groups of Dutch merchants and Dutch translations (i.e. Alan Tatar). The doctor's hall doctor transmitted western medicine in both ways through the diagnosis and treatment of Japanese people. To spread western medicine in such a way that the word is taught by a family or by a teacher. The third chapter mainly discusses the important events, the main body and the way to spread western medicine in the middle and later stages of the river. In the eighth generation of 1720, the spread of western medicine entered the new stage. In the 18th century, the Japanese society advocates an empirical and experimental study, and the medical field is the rise of the experimental ancient medical school. It provides a good social environment for the further transmission of western medicine. In 1774, the translation of Japanese Modern Medical Work
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K313.36
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