發(fā)布時間：2018-04-22 04:17

  本文選題：大蹄蝠 + D-loop區(qū)��； 參考：《貴州師范大學》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：大蹄蝠(Hipposideros armiger)廣泛分于貴州省境內(nèi)。關(guān)于大蹄蝠(H.armiger)的分子系統(tǒng)地理學的研究已有報道,本文使用線粒體DNA控制區(qū)(D-loop區(qū))作為分子標記,針對這一物種進行了省級區(qū)域范圍內(nèi)的遺傳多樣性、種群遺傳結(jié)構(gòu)、歷史動態(tài)等方面的研究,闡述了貴州省大蹄蝠的種群擴散中心,初步探討了小尺度范圍內(nèi)大蹄蝠(H.armiger)是否存在偏性擴散現(xiàn)象,分析了貴州省內(nèi)當今的大蹄蝠種群分布情況:(1)按照《貴州獸類志》所劃分的獸類地理區(qū)劃將貴州分為五個地理省,對這五個地理省及相鄰的云南和廣西地區(qū)進行大蹄蝠標本采樣,在這七個樣區(qū),共采集到大蹄蝠樣本(翼膜或肌肉)475號。將所采集的樣本分為三個類群分別進行分析:475個不分性別群體、261個全雄性群體、194個全雌性群體。結(jié)果顯示相較于全國范圍大蹄蝠的遺傳多樣性,本研究中的三個類群的遺傳多樣性均較低。不分性別群體的單倍型多樣性Hd=0.555,核苷酸多樣性Pi=0.00295;全雄群體的單倍型多樣性Hd=0.653,核苷酸多樣性Pi=0.00293;全雌群體的單倍型多樣性Hd=0.449,核苷酸多樣性Pi=0.00345。說明了貴州省大蹄蝠種群進化歷史較近。在所有的種群中,VIB4種群的遺傳多樣性是最高的(不分性別群體:Hd=0.832,Pi=0.00431;全雄群體Hd=0.876,Pi=0.00392;全雌群體Hd=0.743,Pi=0.00494),暗示了該地區(qū)可能是貴州省大蹄蝠種群擴散的中心。(2)Arlequin軟件計算得到的遺傳分化系數(shù)(Fst)和基因流(Nm)顯示,貴州的五個種群及廣西種群間產(chǎn)生了較小的遺傳分化,各種群間存在較頻繁的基因流,表明遺傳分化發(fā)生在近期;而這六個種群與云南種群間則產(chǎn)生了顯著的遺傳分化,存在有限的基因流。遺傳分化分析還顯示全雄群體各種群間的遺傳分化較雌性群體中各種群的遺傳分化系數(shù)顯著,暗示了雌性種群間持續(xù)的基因流。多維尺度分析中并未看見各種群按照各自的地理區(qū)劃分布,本研究所假設的地理障礙兩端的種群聚在一起,顯示出較近的遺傳關(guān)系。Mantel檢驗也顯示種群的遺傳分化系數(shù)和地理距離沒有顯著相關(guān)性,各種群間存在豐富的基因流,說明貴州省境內(nèi)所存在的地理障礙并未對大蹄蝠種群的擴散產(chǎn)生阻礙。Migrate計算得到成對種群間的基因流均為雙向,基因流主要都是由VIB4地區(qū)為中心流向其他地區(qū)。證實了VIB4地區(qū)為貴州省的大蹄蝠種群的擴散的中心。值得注意的是在所有種群中成對種群間存在不對稱的基因流,且有的種群在不同性別群體中的基因流向相反,這種現(xiàn)象的產(chǎn)生,可能是為了防止近親繁殖該物種選擇了不同的擴散方式。(3)對于三個類群中大蹄蝠種群結(jié)構(gòu)的分析顯示了相同的結(jié)果,系統(tǒng)發(fā)育樹和單倍型網(wǎng)絡結(jié)構(gòu)分析呈現(xiàn)了高度的一致性,貝葉斯樹被分為兩個明顯的分化支(A、B支)。網(wǎng)絡結(jié)構(gòu)圖也產(chǎn)生了兩個明顯的聚類,其中VA1、VIB4種群的部分單倍型與云南種群的單倍型聚在一起,而貴州各種群則與廣西聚為一支,顯示了貴州種群與廣西種群較近的親緣關(guān)系。通過溯祖時間(TMRCA)的分析得出貴州及鄰近的廣西、云南種群的共同祖先可追溯到0.0929-0.0981Myr BP,貴州及廣西種群的共祖時間可追溯到0.0555-0.0593 Myr BP,廣西種群中的特有單倍型相較于其他單倍型有較早的分歧時間,表明貴州省大蹄蝠種群主要來自廣西。三個類群的BSP分析均顯示大蹄蝠種群在0.005-0.020 Myr BP產(chǎn)生了種群擴張,這一時期正好處于末次冰期結(jié)束。種群擴張時間和歷史動態(tài)分析(BSP)產(chǎn)生了一致結(jié)果,VIB4種群在所有種群中顯示了較晚的種群擴張時間。再次闡明VIB4地區(qū)為貴州省大蹄蝠近期種群擴散的中心。(4)遺傳分化分析和分子方差分析(AMOVA)顯示全雌群體中47%的種群間存在小而不顯著的遺傳分化,且雌性群體中各種群間的基因流要大于全雄群體中各種群的基因流,雌性群體并未形成穩(wěn)定系統(tǒng)地理結(jié)構(gòu)。說明了在省級區(qū)域范圍內(nèi)雌性群體參與了種群擴散并存在較頻繁的基因交流。但由于D-loop控制區(qū)為母系遺傳,在此并不能完全說明大蹄蝠是否存在顯著的偏性擴散。(5)貴州地區(qū)喀斯特地貌發(fā)達,存在較多的巖溶洞穴,為大蹄蝠提供了理想的棲息場所。其中VIB4地區(qū)包括了貴州的一個高溫區(qū),有較好的植被環(huán)境和較多的大洞長洞,良好的環(huán)境、豐富的資源使該地區(qū)成為現(xiàn)今貴州省大蹄蝠種群主要的分布區(qū)。
[Abstract]:The large hoofed bat (Hipposideros armiger) is widely distributed in Guizhou province. The molecular phylogeography of the large hoofed bat (H.armiger) has been reported. This paper uses the mitochondrial DNA control area (D-loop region) as a molecular marker. The genetic diversity, population genetic structure, historical dynamics, and so on are carried out at the provincial level in this species. In the study, the population diffusion center of the large hoofed bat in Guizhou province was expounded. The phenomenon of partial diffusion of the large hoofed bat (H.armiger) in the small scale was preliminarily discussed. The distribution of the large hoofed bat population in Guizhou province today was analyzed. (1) Guizhou was divided into five geographical provinces according to the veterinary geographical zoning divided by Guizhou beasts. Samples of large hoofed bats were sampled from five geographical provinces and neighbouring Yunnan and Guangxi regions. In these seven samples, samples of large hoofed bats (wing membrane or muscle) 475 were collected. The samples were divided into three groups, 475 without sex, 261 all male and 194 full female. The genetic diversity of the large hoofed bat in the country is low in genetic diversity of the three groups in this study. The haplotype diversity Hd=0.555, nucleotide diversity Pi=0.00295, the haplotype diversity Hd=0.653, nucleotide diversity Pi=0.00293 of the whole male population, the haplotype diversity Hd=0.449 of the whole female population, the nucleotide diversity of the whole female population, and the nucleotide diversity. Sex Pi=0.00345. shows that the population evolution history of Guizhou hoofed bat population is close. Among all the populations, the genetic diversity of the VIB4 population is the highest (Hd=0.832, Pi=0.00431, Hd=0.876, Pi=0.00392, Hd=0.743, Pi=0.00494) of the whole male population, suggesting that the region may be the center of the proliferation of the large hoofed bat population in Guizhou province. (2) the genetic differentiation coefficient (Fst) and gene flow (Nm) obtained by the Arlequin software show that there is a small genetic differentiation between the five populations of Guizhou and the Guangxi population, and there is a relatively frequent genetic flow among the groups, indicating that the genetic differentiation occurs in the near future; and the six populations and the Yunnan population have a significant genetic differentiation. The genetic differentiation analysis also showed that the genetic differentiation between the various groups of the male population was more significant than that of the females in the female population, suggesting the continuous gene flow among the female populations. The population gathered together, showing that the genetic relationship.Mantel test also showed that there was no significant correlation between genetic differentiation coefficient and geographical distance, and there was a rich gene flow among various groups, indicating that the geographical obstacles existed in Guizhou did not prevent the proliferation of the large hoofed bat population by.Migrate calculation. The flow of gene flow is both bidirectional, and the flow of gene flow mainly flows from VIB4 area to other regions. It is confirmed that the VIB4 region is the center of the proliferation of the large hoofed bat population in Guizhou province. It is worth noting that there is an asymmetric gene flow among the pairs of populations in all populations, and the flow of some species in different sex populations is opposite, The emergence of this phenomenon may be to prevent the selection of different diffusion modes for the species. (3) the analysis of the population structure of the three groups of the large hoofed bats showed the same results. The phylogenetic tree and haplotype network structure analysis showed high consistency, and the Bayes tree was divided into two distinct branches (A, B branch). The network structure map also produced two distinct clusters, in which the VA1, the partial haplotypes of the VIB4 population were clustered with the haplotypes of the Yunnan population, while the Guizhou groups were clustered with Guangxi, showing the close relationship between the Guizhou population and Guangxi population. Through the analysis of the abduction time (TMRCA), Guizhou and the neighboring Guangxi were found. The common ancestor of the southern population can be traced back to 0.0929-0.0981Myr BP, the common ancestor time of Guizhou and Guangxi populations traced to 0.0555-0.0593 Myr BP, and the characteristic haplotypes of Guangxi population were earlier than the other haplotypes, indicating that the population of the large hoofed bat population in Guizhou was mainly from Guangxi. The BSP analysis of the three groups showed the large hoofed bat. Population expansion at 0.005-0.020 Myr BP, this period was just at the end of the last glacial period. Population expansion time and historical dynamic analysis (BSP) produced a consistent result, VIB4 population showed a late population expansion time in all populations. Again, VIB4 area was the center of the recent population diffusion of Guizhou hoofed bat. (4) Genetic differentiation analysis and molecular variance analysis (AMOVA) showed that there was a small and insignificant genetic differentiation among 47% of the whole female population, and the gene flow among the groups in the female population was larger than that of all the groups in the whole male population, and the female population did not form a stable and systematic structure. The body participates in the population diffusion and has more frequent gene exchange. But because the D-loop control area is maternal inheritance, it does not fully indicate whether there is a significant partial diffusion in the large hoofed bat. (5) the Karst geomorphology in Guizhou area is well developed and there are many karst caves, which provide an ideal habitat for the large hoofed bat. Among them, the VIB4 area includes A high temperature area in Guizhou has good vegetation environment and many big hole long holes, good environment and abundant resources, which makes the area the main distribution area of the large hoofed bat population in Guizhou province.

【學位授予單位】：貴州師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：Q958

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