發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-05-05 14:42

  本文選題：控釋肥 + 生物炭��； 參考：《山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：包膜控釋肥料能夠調(diào)控養(yǎng)分釋放與作物養(yǎng)分吸收相同步,從而達(dá)到減肥不減產(chǎn)的目的;生物炭具有較強(qiáng)的穩(wěn)定性和吸附性,施入土壤中能夠有效改善土壤肥力狀況。黃淮海棉區(qū)是我國(guó)最為重要的棉花種植區(qū)域,但目前仍存在施肥量大,人力成本投入高,長(zhǎng)期種植下土壤肥力退化嚴(yán)重等問題。本研究主要針對(duì)黃淮海棉區(qū)棉花生長(zhǎng)過程中存在的主要問題,針對(duì)性的提出了綜合利用控釋氮肥、控釋鉀肥和生物炭實(shí)現(xiàn)棉花增產(chǎn)和土壤培肥的機(jī)理,研究了控釋氮肥、鉀肥及生物炭對(duì)大蒜-棉花套作體系生長(zhǎng)和土壤養(yǎng)分狀況的影響。本研究在采用田間定位試驗(yàn)究控釋氮肥對(duì)土壤氮素剖面分布的影響,采用盆栽試驗(yàn)探究控釋氮肥對(duì)土壤氨揮發(fā)和土壤氮素供應(yīng)的影響,從而明確控釋氮肥較常規(guī)施氮量減氮1/3仍能夠維持棉花高產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)機(jī)理;利用池栽定位試驗(yàn)探討了包膜氯化鉀對(duì)棉花生長(zhǎng)和土壤鉀素有效性的影響;利用盆栽試驗(yàn)研究了包膜控釋氯化鉀對(duì)棉花葉片光合和鉀素利用效率的影響。采用定位試驗(yàn)研究了生物炭施用量對(duì)作物生長(zhǎng)和土壤理化性質(zhì)的影響;采用盆栽試驗(yàn)探究了控釋氮肥與生物炭交互對(duì)土壤氮素供應(yīng)、葉片光合特性和產(chǎn)量的影響。研究的結(jié)果和結(jié)論如下:(1)控釋氮肥延緩了氨揮發(fā)高峰出現(xiàn)時(shí)間,降低了土壤氨揮發(fā)速率峰值,與等施氮量的尿素處理相比氨揮發(fā)損失減少65.1%-104.9%�？蒯尩�肥提高了0-20 cm土壤硝態(tài)氮含量,降低了60-100 cm土壤硝態(tài)氮含量,減少了硝態(tài)氮向下層土壤的淋溶損失,并且提高了0-20 cm土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)和全氮含量�？蒯尩�肥在土壤中的釋放高峰期出現(xiàn)在盛花到盛鈴期階段,使盛花期后土壤保持較高硝態(tài)氮和銨態(tài)氮含量,顯著提高了葉片SPAD值,改善了葉片光合和熒光特性。因此,控釋氮肥顯著提高了棉花產(chǎn)量,控釋氮肥較當(dāng)?shù)爻Ｒ?guī)施肥減氮1/3仍能夠維持棉花高產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)。(2)施鉀棉花顯著增產(chǎn)18.4%-72.7%,皮棉產(chǎn)量隨施鉀量的增加而增加。控釋氯化鉀較普通鉀肥一次基施處理顯著提高了鈴期和始絮期土壤速效鉀含量,提高了鈴期后葉片SPAD值和凈光合速率。與硫酸鉀和氯化鉀相比,控釋氯化鉀配施硫磺顯著提高了成鈴數(shù)和單鈴重,皮棉分別顯著增產(chǎn)16.9%-24.9%和24.4%-30.9%。控釋氯化鉀配施硫磺較氯化鉀顯著提高了纖維長(zhǎng)度、整齊度指數(shù)和伸長(zhǎng)率。經(jīng)過3年施肥后,控釋氯化鉀較普通鉀肥一次基施顯著提高了土壤水溶性鉀和非特殊吸附鉀含量。用包膜氯化鉀代替硫酸鉀和氯化鉀,可以在不影響品質(zhì)的前提下以較低的施鉀量獲得更高的產(chǎn)量。(3)生物炭顯著提高了土壤pH值、有機(jī)碳和全氮含量,但連續(xù)2年2%(w/w)生物炭施用降低了土壤速效磷含量。生物炭顯著改善了土壤水分保蓄能力,土壤田間持水量顯著提高15.6%-23.9%,土壤有效含水量顯著提高14.6%-45.2%。生物炭顯著提高了棉花初花期和鈴期葉片SPAD值,提高了凈光合速率和蒸騰速率。連續(xù)3年施用生物炭顯著提高了0-20 cm土壤NO3--N含量,降低了40-80 cm土壤NO3--N含量,減少了土壤硝態(tài)氮的淋溶損失。施用生物炭和控釋氮肥均能顯著提高棉花產(chǎn)量,兩者存在顯著的交互效應(yīng)�？蒯尩�肥顯著增加了初花期至始絮期土壤的硝態(tài)氮和銨態(tài)氮含量,顯著提高了生長(zhǎng)后期葉片SPAD值,但秸稈還田條件下,控釋氮肥增產(chǎn)效果不顯著。生物炭與控釋肥對(duì)土壤硝態(tài)氮含量、土壤有機(jī)碳、土壤pH值和產(chǎn)量存在顯著的交互效應(yīng),但衣分含量、馬克隆值和纖維強(qiáng)度不受碳源和氮源及其交互效應(yīng)的影響。(4)研發(fā)出的棉花專用控釋肥田間示范結(jié)果表明,棉花專用控釋氮肥(CRF1)和棉花專用控釋氮、鉀肥處理(CRF2)均顯著提高了單鈴重和成鈴數(shù);CRF1和CRF2處理皮棉分別顯著增產(chǎn)10.2%-21.9%和18.2%-25.2%;CRF1與Urea處理產(chǎn)量無顯著差異,但減少了施肥次數(shù),實(shí)現(xiàn)棉花輕簡(jiǎn)化生產(chǎn);CRF2成鈴數(shù)顯著高于Urea處理,皮棉顯著增產(chǎn)9.3%-12.3%。CRF2處理提高了棉花收獲期0-20 cm土層NO3--N和速效鉀含量,為棉花生育后期提供了充足的硝態(tài)氮和速效鉀供應(yīng)。本研究通過研究緩控釋肥料養(yǎng)分釋放特點(diǎn),土壤養(yǎng)分供應(yīng)和剖面分布,結(jié)合棉花葉片光合和熒光變化,棉花產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)和養(yǎng)分利用效率,探究了包膜尿素、包膜氯化鉀和生物炭在棉花上應(yīng)用效果和減肥增產(chǎn)機(jī)理。
[Abstract]:Coated controlled-release fertilizers can regulate nutrient release and crop nutrient absorption, thus achieving the goal of reducing weight loss. Biological carbon has strong stability and absorbability, which can effectively improve soil fertility. The Huang Huai cotton area is the most important cotton planting area in China, but the amount of fertilizer still exists at present. This study mainly aimed at the main problems in the growth process of cotton in Huang Huai's cotton area. This paper put forward the mechanism of comprehensive utilization of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer, controlled release potash fertilizer and biological carbon to increase cotton yield and soil fertility, and studied controlled release nitrogen fertilizer, potassium fertilizer and raw material. The effects of carbon on the growth of garlic cotton intercropping system and soil nutrient status were investigated. The effect of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer on soil nitrogen profile distribution was investigated in this study. The effect of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer on soil ammonia volatilization and soil nitrogen supply was investigated by pot experiment. The effect of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen reduction 1/3 was still clear. The effect of potassium chloride on cotton growth and soil potassium availability was investigated by pool planting location test. The effect of controlled release potassium chloride on Photosynthesis and potassium utilization efficiency of cotton leaves was studied by pot experiment. The effects of soil physical and chemical properties were studied. The effects of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer and biological carbon on soil nitrogen supply, photosynthetic characteristics and yield were investigated. The results and conclusions were as follows: (1) controlled release nitrogen fertilizer delayed the peak time of ammonia volatilization, reduced the peak of soil ammonia volatilization rate, and the urea treatment phase with equal nitrogen application. The decrease of 65.1%-104.9%. controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer increased the nitrate nitrogen content in 0-20 cm soil, reduced the nitrate nitrogen content in 60-100 cm soil, reduced the leaching loss of nitrate nitrogen to the lower soil, and increased the organic matter and total nitrogen content of 0-20 cm soil. At the stage, the soil maintained higher nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen content after the flowering period, significantly increased the SPAD value of leaves and improved the photosynthetic and fluorescence characteristics of leaves. Therefore, controlled release nitrogen fertilizer significantly improved the yield of cotton. Controlled release nitrogen fertilizer was still able to maintain high and stable yield of cotton compared with local conventional fertilizer nitrogen reduction 1/3. (2) potassium cotton increased the yield of 18.4%-72.7%, skin Compared with potassium sulfate and potassium chloride, controlled release potassium chloride with potassium chloride and potassium chloride increased the SPAD value and net photosynthetic rate after the bell stage. Compared with potassium sulfate and potassium chloride, controlled release potassium chloride combined with sulphur significantly increased the number of bolls and the weight of single Boll and cotton. No significant increase in production of 16.9%-24.9% and 24.4%-30.9%. controlled release potassium chloride with sulphur than potassium chloride significantly increased fiber length, uniformity index and elongation. After 3 years of fertilization, controlled release potassium chloride was significantly increased in soil water-soluble potassium and non special potassium content than ordinary potash fertilizer. Potassium can obtain higher yield with lower potassium application without affecting the quality. (3) biological charcoal significantly improved soil pH value, organic carbon and total nitrogen content, but 2 years of 2% (w/w) bio carbon application decreased soil available phosphorus content. Biological carbon significantly improved soil moisture retention capacity, soil field water capacity was significantly increased by 1. 5.6%-23.9%, soil effective water content significantly increased 14.6%-45.2%. biological charcoal significantly increased the SPAD value of cotton early flowering and bell stage leaves, increased net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate. 3 years of continuous application of biological carbon significantly increased the content of NO3--N in 0-20 cm soil, reduced the NO3--N content in 40-80 cm soil, and reduced the leaching loss of soil nitrate nitrogen. The application of biological carbon and controlled release nitrogen fertilizer could significantly increase the yield of cotton, and there was significant interaction effect. Controlled release nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased the nitrate and ammonium nitrogen content in the early flowering period to the beginning of the floc period, and significantly increased the SPAD value of the leaves in the late growth period, but the effect of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer was not significant under the condition of straw returning. Biological carbon and controlled-release release were not significant. There were significant interaction effects on the content of soil nitrate nitrogen, soil organic carbon, soil pH value and yield, but the content of the soil, the value of horse clones and the fiber strength were not affected by carbon source and nitrogen source and its interaction effect. (4) the results showed that the special controlled release nitrogen fertilizer (CRF1) and cotton special controlled-release nitrogen were developed. Potassium fertilizer treatment (CRF2) significantly increased the single boll weight and the number of bolls; CRF1 and CRF2 significantly increased the yield of 10.2%-21.9% and 18.2%-25.2%, respectively, and there was no significant difference between CRF1 and Urea, but reduced the number of fertilizers and realized the simplified production of cotton; the number of CRF2 bells was higher than the Urea treatment, and the increased yield of cotton was significantly increased by 9.3%-12.3%.CRF2. The content of NO3--N and available potassium in the 0-20 cm soil layer of the cotton harvest period provided sufficient nitrate nitrogen and available potassium for the late growth of cotton. This study studied the nutrient release characteristics of the slow controlled release fertilizer, soil nutrient supply and profile distribution, photosynthesis and fluorescence transformation of cotton leaves, and the yield, quality and utilization efficiency of cotton. The application effect of coated urea, coated potassium chloride and biochar on cotton and the mechanism of weight loss and yield increase were also discussed.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S562;S158

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