發(fā)布時間：2018-05-20 22:21

  本文選題：冬小麥 + 夏玉米�。� 參考：《中國農業(yè)大學》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：本研究以華北地區(qū)冬小麥7夏玉米周年生產為背景,通過推遲玉米收獲和小麥播種及調整灌溉方式,研究確定適合該地區(qū)兩季種植的最優(yōu)配置模式,提高周年灌溉水和降水利用效率;通過在雙推遲生產模式下水、肥、密度和化控等調節(jié)措施,研究構建高產高效作物群體,旨在為該區(qū)一年兩熟高產高效可持續(xù)生產提供理論和實踐依據。主要研究結果如下:1玉米晚收小麥晚播對周年產量和水分利用的影響在冬小麥-夏玉米周年生產中,對4種種植模式的耗水特性和產量形成進行了比較。推遲收種10天、推遲收種20天和傳統(tǒng)收種模式3個處理之間周年產量無顯著差異,然而均顯著高于推遲收種30天模式的周年產量。與傳統(tǒng)收種模式相比,隨冬小麥播種時間的推遲,小麥產量逐漸降低;隨夏玉米收獲時間的推遲,玉米產量逐漸升高。對于推遲收種10天和推遲收種20天處理,夏玉米產量的增加彌補了冬小麥產量的降低。在周年水分消耗中,4種模式水分消耗量表現為:傳統(tǒng)模式推遲收種10天推遲收種20天推遲收種30天。與傳統(tǒng)收種模式相比,玉米晚收10天+小麥晚播10天和玉米晚收20天+小麥晚播20天分別凈增收495.4 ￥ ha-1和877.0 ￥ ha-1。2限水灌溉對晚播冬小麥根、冠層調控和水分利用效率的影響在冬小麥晚播生產模式條件下,研究了 3種灌溉方式(對照:不灌水;限水灌溉:拔節(jié)期灌60 mm水;常規(guī)灌溉:返青期、拔節(jié)期和開花期各灌60 mm水)對冬小麥水分利用效率和根層冠層生長及土壤儲水能力的影響。隨灌水量的增加,冬小麥的產量依次增加,但是其水分利用效率降低。3種灌溉方式中,限水灌溉處理冬小麥水分利用效率最高,同時獲得了較高的籽粒產量。與常規(guī)灌溉相比,限水灌溉處理冬小麥葉面積相對較小,從而降低了蒸騰耗水。此外,限水灌溉處理促進了冬小麥根系下扎,進而促進冬小麥對土壤深層次水分的吸收,從而提高了土壤儲水能力,有利于夏季雨水的儲存。3增密減氮對晚收夏玉米氮肥利用效率和產量的影響在夏玉米晚收生產模式下,研究了 2種種植密度、3種施肥處理下夏玉米的產量、氮素利用、N2O排放強度和溫室氣體排放強度的變化。夏玉米種植密度由67,500 plants ha-1提高到90,000 plants ha-1后,玉米籽粒產量、氮肥利用效率、氮肥農學利用效率和氮肥偏生產力分別顯著提高了6.6%、3.9%、24.7%和8.8%;N20排放強度和溫室氣體排放強度分別顯著降低了 7.3%和4.3%。夏玉米氮肥施用量由360kg N ha-1降低到180kg N ha-1后,玉米籽粒產量沒有降低,但氮肥利用效率、氮肥農學利用效率和氮肥偏生產力分別顯著提高了 6.2%、96.0%和98.7%;N2O排放強度和溫室氣體排放強度分別顯著降低了 65.1%和46.2%。夏玉米種植密度90,000 plants ha-1條件下,配施180 kg N ha-1氮肥,提高了夏玉米植株對氮素的吸收和轉運,進而提高了氮肥利用率和產量,并降低了環(huán)境代價。4噴施復配劑對密植晚收夏玉米莖稈質量和冠層的調控在密植晚收夏玉米生產模式下,選用2種不同抗倒性品種(易倒伏:浚單20;抗倒伏:鄭單958),在種植密度90,000 plants ha-1條件下,通過噴施復配化控劑(乙烯利:胺鮮酯=27%:3%;EDAH),研究了化學調控劑對密植玉米莖稈質量和冠層的影響。噴施EDAH后,玉米莖稈質量(包括莖稈穿刺強度、單位長度莖稈干重、莖稈皮層厚度、維管束數目和面積)顯著提高,株高、穗位高、植株重心高度和倒伏率顯著降低。噴施EDAH后,玉米上部和穗位部葉片葉面積分別減小26.8%和13.3%。此外,噴施EDAH后,玉米穗粒數和千粒重顯著提高,進而玉米籽粒產量顯著提高14.3%。噴施EDAH后,浚單20品種抗倒指標較鄭單958品種增幅大。
[Abstract]:Based on the background of the annual winter wheat 7 summer maize production in North China, the optimal allocation model suitable for the two season planting in the region was studied by postponing the corn harvest and wheat sowing and adjusting irrigation, and the annual irrigation water and precipitation utilization efficiency were improved, and the adjustment measures, such as water, fertilizer, density and chemical control, were adopted in the dual push late production model. The main research results are as follows: 1 the effect of late sowing of late harvest wheat on annual yield and water use in winter wheat and summer maize annual production, the water consumption characteristics and yield formation of 4 kinds of planting patterns in the 4 kinds of planting patterns. There was no significant difference in the annual yield between the delayed harvest of 10 days, the delayed harvest of 20 days and the traditional harvest mode, but the yield was significantly higher than that of the delayed harvest of 30 days. Compared with the traditional harvest mode, the yield of wheat decreased with the delay of winter wheat sowing time and the delay of summer corn harvest time. The yield of maize increased gradually. The increase of summer maize yield made up for the decrease of winter wheat yield for 10 days and 20 days of delayed harvest. In the annual water consumption, the 4 patterns of water consumption showed that the traditional model postponed the harvest for 10 days and delayed the harvest for 20 days for 30 days. Compared with the traditional harvest model, the corn late harvest was 10. 10 days and 20 days of wheat late sowing and 20 days of late harvest of corn and 20 days of late sowing of wheat, respectively, 495.4 RMB HA-1 and 877 RMB ha-1.2 irrigation for late sowing winter wheat root, canopy regulation and water use efficiency, under the condition of winter wheat late sowing production mode, 3 kinds of irrigation methods were studied: no irrigation, water limiting irrigation: jointing period 60 mm The effect of 60 mm water on water use efficiency and root layer growth and soil water storage capacity of winter wheat. With the increase of irrigation water, the yield of winter wheat increased in turn, but the water use efficiency reduced the water use efficiency of Winter Wheat by water limiting irrigation in.3 irrigation methods. At the same time, higher grain yield was obtained. Compared with conventional irrigation, the leaf area of winter wheat was relatively small, which reduced the transpiration water consumption. In addition, water limiting irrigation promoted the root ligation of winter wheat and promoted the absorption of deep soil water in winter wheat, thus improving the water storage capacity of the soil, which was beneficial to the soil water storage. The effect of.3 density and nitrogen reduction on the nitrogen use efficiency and yield of Summer Maize in summer was affected by summer maize. Under the late harvest model of summer maize, 2 planting densities and 3 kinds of fertilizer treatments were studied. The yield of summer corn, nitrogen use, N2O emission intensity and greenhouse gas emission intensity were changed. The planting density of summer maize was raised from 67500 plants HA-1. After 90000 plants HA-1, maize grain yield, nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency, nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency and nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity increased by 6.6%, 3.9%, 24.7% and 8.8% respectively, N20 emission intensity and greenhouse gas emission intensity decreased significantly 7.3% and 4.3%. summer maize nitrogen fertilizer application amount decreased from 360kg N HA-1 to 180kg N HA-1, Rice grain yield did not decrease, but nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency, nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency and nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity increased by 6.2%, 96% and 98.7% respectively, N2O emission intensity and greenhouse gas emission intensity decreased significantly by 65.1% and 46.2%. summer maize planting density 90000 plants HA-1, and 180 kg N HA-1 nitrogen fertilizer was improved. The absorption and transport of nitrogen in summer maize plants increased nitrogen utilization and yield, and reduced the environmental cost of.4 spraying compound on the stem quality and canopy of late harvest Summer Maize in dense planting. Under the model of late harvest summer corn in dense planting, 2 kinds of different resistant varieties (easy lodging: dredging 20, lodging resistance: Zhengdan 958) were planted in the plant. Under the condition of density 90000 plants HA-1, the effects of Chemical Regulators on the stalk quality and canopy of dense planting corn were studied by spraying compound control agent (ethephon: amine fresh ester =27%: 3%; EDAH). After spraying EDAH, the quality of corn stalk (including stem puncture strength, stem stem weight per unit length, stem cortex thickness, vascular bundle number and area) was significant. After spraying EDAH, the leaf area of the upper and ear parts of maize decreased by 26.8% and 13.3%. respectively. After spraying EDAH, the number of grain and 1000 grain weight of maize increased significantly, and then the maize grain yield was significantly higher than that of 14.3%. spraying EDAH, and the resistance index of the 20 varieties was 9 than Zhengshan 9. The growth of 58 varieties is large.
【學位授予單位】：中國農業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S513;S512.11

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