人際關(guān)系管理理論視角下電視談話節(jié)目中禮貌研究
本文關(guān)鍵詞：人際關(guān)系管理理論視角下電視談話節(jié)目中禮貌研究，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。
1 Introduction
1.1 Research Background
The phenomenon of politeness is an important issue under discussion in a wide range of academic and practical fields, such as psychology, sociology, pedagogy and so forth. At the same time, the phenomenon of politeness also attracts a lot of interest of linguists, and they point out that language and politeness are closely related. In the philosophical sense, it is language that makes human beings different from animals, and it is no doubt that language plays the main and fundamental role anytime and anywhere in contacts of people with each other. Generally people think that language is for the transmission of information. Language, however, also does another job: it involves the management of interpersonal and social relations. Brown and Yule (1983) identify two central functions of language: the transactional function and the interactional function, that is, transferring information and maintaining social relationships. They suggest that language use is either primarily transactional in focus, or primarily interactional in focus, and that the aims of these two main sorts of discourse are not similar. The goal of transactional speech is to convey information coherently, and accurately, while the goal of interactional language is to communicate good will and friendliness, and to make the participants feel comfortable and unthreatened. Especially for the reasons that nowadays globalization has become a general tendency almost in every field because of the rapid development of economy, of science and of technology, and contacts among people from the same country or from different countries become more and more frequent, much more attention should be paid to the interactional function of language. One of the main fields of linguistics that is related to the latter function of language mentioned above is the study of politeness. With regard to politeness, it has been the main focus of pragmatics since 1970s, from which influential politeness theories are published one after another and a large number of researches and articles on politeness appear at home and abroad. Such vital theories as these are Leech’s Politeness Principle (short for PP, 1983), Brown and Levinson’s Face Theory (1978, 1987), Gu Yueguo’s Politeness Maxims (1990) and so on. However, there are more or less weaknesses in these influential theoretical frameworks inevitably. For 本論文由英語論文網(wǎng)提供整理，提供論文代寫，英語論文代寫，代寫論文，代寫英語論文，代寫留學(xué)生論文，代寫英文論文，留學(xué)生論文代寫相關(guān)核心關(guān)鍵詞搜索。
;example, Face Theory is considered as the classical theory studying politeness phenomenon (Wang 2005); nevertheless, it has its own deficiencies and different critical comments on it can be seen. Taking some obvious arguments and problems in Face Theory into consideration, Helen Spencer-Oatey proposes a modified framework Rapport Management Theory (short for RM Theory, 2000), involving two main components: the management of face and the management of sociality rights. In addition, this innovative theory includes both harmonious and unharmonious aspect of interaction between people by language, and becomes a new development of politeness theory in recent times.
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1.2 Purpose and Significance of the Study
The present study investigates the phenomenon of politeness in TV talk shows with the support of RM Theory. Since talk shows have great influences, politeness is very important and its relevant theories are developed step by step, there are three purposes for choosing a talk show’s politeness phenomenon as the object of this study. First of all, the most influential theoretical framework related to politeness of language is Brown and Levinson’s Face Theory. Different from this classical model, RM Theory indicates four facets to manage politeness. The thesis tries to prove the explanatory power of RM Theory, by making it clear that the politeness between interlocutors can be managed from sociality rights besides face, and both face and sociality rights can be understood from either personal aspect or social aspect. Next, the present study is hoped to make a complement to researches into the politeness phenomenon in TV talk shows, and find out some manifest and effective strategies of realizing politeness in the context of TV talk shows. In talk shows, the performance of politeness is not only verbal but also nonverbal. In the meantime, another aim is to collect some authentic expressions of English use. Finally, the thesis tries to point out why the harmonious effect is produced. That is, to point out the factors that can influence the judgment of politeness. In this part, the author also lists some practical and theoretical significance of the study. Firstly, nowadays the “global village” has formed, and it makes the contacts among people from different places, groups, cultures and so on more and more frequent and diversified day by day. Thus, keeping harmony is of great importance to everyone. Politeness phenomenon is the crucial component of realizing harmonious interpersonal relationship. Making a study &nbs本論文由英語論文網(wǎng)提供整理，提供論文代寫，英語論文代寫，代寫論文，代寫英語論文，代寫留學(xué)生論文，代寫英文論文，留學(xué)生論文代寫相關(guān)核心關(guān)鍵詞搜索。
人際關(guān)系管理理論視角下電視談話節(jié)目中禮貌研究 [3]
關(guān)鍵詞：
摘要：本文是英語語言學(xué)論文，通過對(duì)電視談話節(jié)目中禮貌現(xiàn)象的研究，本文為禮貌研究提供了一個(gè)新視角，證明了人際關(guān)系管理理論的解釋力，彌補(bǔ)了經(jīng)典的面子理論研究禮貌的不足。
p;on politeness in communication is helpful to learn some effective communicative strategies, promote affections between each other, set up the harmonious society and uphold world peace.
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2 Literature Review
The study object of this thesis is politeness phenomenon in TV talk shows. Thus in this chapter, different concepts of politeness are introduced first. Then an overview of important studies on politeness is followed. Much more attention will be given to Brown and Levinson’s Face Theory, from which RM Theory is developed. At last, the development and previous researches into TV talk shows in the field of linguistics will be presented.
2.1 Notions on Politeness
It is acknowledged that politeness is “having or showing good manners and respect for the feelings of others” (Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary 2009: 1531). It is essentially cultural, social and dynamic in the sense that what is considered polite in one situation may be eccentric or quite rude in another one. The phenomenon of politeness in language is a hot topic in the field of pragmatics at home and abroad. It is, however, controversial, in that different scholars have individual different opinions upon the understanding of politeness. Bruce Fraser (1990) identifies four approaches to an account of politeness, namely, the social-norm view, the conversational-maxim view, the face-saving view and the conversational-contract view. The social-norm view and the conversational-contract view on politeness both acknowledge and emphasize that social norms, institutions or conventions play a vital role in judging politeness. Politeness appears when an expression is in congruence with a set of specific rules in a society (Fraser 1990). Apart from Grice’s Cooperative Principle (short for CP, 1975) and Leech’s PP (1983), the conversational-maxim view also involves the accounts of politeness from Lakoff (1973, 1979). Grice’s CP is the basis of this view, and inspired by him, Lakoff and Leech make an effort to account for politeness. In order to realize cooperation or politeness, the three ones all work out maxims for interlocutors, so that politeness can be treated as a device to avoid or reduce friction and make interlocutors feel good with each other. Lakoff (1973) suggests two rules of Pragmatic Competence: Be Clear (essentially Grice’s maxims) and Be Polite. The latter contains three sub-rules: (1)Don’t Impose (used when Formal/Impersonal Politeness is required); (2)Give Options (used when Informal Politeness is requir本論文由英語論文網(wǎng)提供整理，提供論文代寫，英語論文代寫，代寫論文，代寫英語論文，代寫留學(xué)生論文，代寫英文論文，，留學(xué)生論文代寫相關(guān)核心關(guān)鍵詞搜索。
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評(píng)論：
人際關(guān)系管理理論視角下電視談話節(jié)目中禮貌研究 [4]
關(guān)鍵詞：
摘要：本文是英語語言學(xué)論文，通過對(duì)電視談話節(jié)目中禮貌現(xiàn)象的研究，本文為禮貌研究提供了一個(gè)新視角，證明了人際關(guān)系管理理論的解釋力，彌補(bǔ)了經(jīng)典的面子理論研究禮貌的不足。
ed); (3)Make A Feel Good (used when Intimate Politeness is required). CP’s and PP’s maxims will be explained in detail in the following part. Brown and Levinson’s Face Theory (1978, 1987) is a typical face-saving view. In their politeness model, ‘face’ is a key point which is made up of positive face and negative face. To be polite is to satisfy the desire of one’s face, the public self image.
2.2 An Overview of Studies on Politeness
In 1967, the American philosopher of language H.P. Grice delivered his well-known William James Lectures at Harvard University. In his second lecture entitled Logic and Conversation, Grice puts forward the Cooperative Principle (short for CP). In his eyes, when people are interacting by language, normally, they more or less take efforts to adjust to this kind of cooperation, in that interlocutors to some extent have one or more common purpose(s), or have a mutually acceptant conversational direction. In the course of communication, one basic principle which people consciously or unconsciously obey is ‘Cooperative Principle’. It runs as follows: “Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged” (Huang 2009: 25). Accordingly, Grice again divides it into nine maxims of conversation classified into four categories, namely, quality, quantity, relation, and manner. That is to say, what one says, in a successful communication, should be truthful with relevant appropriate information in a perspicuous way. However, what Grice cares about is the function of these maxims as researchers interpret the way one addresser often intends to express much more than what he/she practically utters (Blakemore 1992:26). Conversational Implicature is right resulted from violating maxims of CP.
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3 Rapport Management as Theoretical Framework ........... 20
3.1 Introduction to Rapport Management ......... 20
3.1.1 Quality Face and Identity Face .......... 20
3.1.2 Equity Rights and Association Rights ....... 21
3.2 Rapport-Management Strategy Domains .... 22
3.3 Factors Influencing Strategy Use ........ 23
3.3.1 Rapport Orientation ........... 23
3.3.2 Contextual Variables.......... 24
3.3.3 Pragmatic Conventions ..... 26
4 Analysis of Politeness in The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.......... 27
4.1 An Introduction to The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon .... 27
4.2 Four Types of Politeness ..... 28
4.3 The Realization of Politeness ...... 29
4.4 Reasons 本論文由英語論文網(wǎng)提供整理，提供論文代寫，英語論文代寫，代寫論文，代寫英語論文，代寫留學(xué)生論文，代寫英文論文，留學(xué)生論文代寫相關(guān)核心關(guān)鍵詞搜索。
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評(píng)論：
人際關(guān)系管理理論視角下電視談話節(jié)目中禮貌研究 [5]
關(guān)鍵詞：
摘要：本文是英語語言學(xué)論文，通過對(duì)電視談話節(jié)目中禮貌現(xiàn)象的研究，本文為禮貌研究提供了一個(gè)新視角，證明了人際關(guān)系管理理論的解釋力，彌補(bǔ)了經(jīng)典的面子理論研究禮貌的不足。
for Realizing Politeness ........ 49
5 Conclusion .... 51
5.1 Major Findings of the Study ........ 51
5.2 Implications of the Study .... 53
5.3 Limitations and Suggestions for Further Research ..... 53
4 Analysis of Politeness in The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon from the Perspective of RM Theory
4.1 An Introduction to The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon
The study object of this thesis is the phenomenon of politeness in TV talk shows. The utterances in TV talk shows are authentic data. In this thesis, the data is from The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. The Tonight Show is a late-night talk show in the United States and has aired on NBC since 1954. It is the longest currently running, regularly scheduled entertainment program in America, and the third-longest-running show on NBC after Meet the Press and Today ( Tonight Show). The Tonight Show has experienced nine hosts among whom the incumbent host is Jimmy Fallon. He assumes the hosting role on February 17, 2014 and then the show is named as The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. The program now is broadcast at night from Monday to Friday and primarily consists of host’s monologue, the interview of guests and the performance of the invited singers in most cases or the stand-up show sometimes, which are in sequence during about forty minutes. In the part of interview, two or three guests are invited by the host Jimmy. In addition, some small games or funny sketches can be seen at the fixed date, such as Lip Flip, Tonight Show Hashtags etc. So this talk show is an entertainment program apart from a talk show. As the successor of host Jay Leno, Jimmy Fallon is multi-talented. Jimmy was a funny monodrama actor. Fallon’s version of The Tonight Show is nearly identical to the format of Late Night he employed before, as he imports many of his signature comedy bits and much of his Late Night staff, including house band The Roots and announcer Steve Higgins. Fallon’s performance makes himself popular and guarantees the quality and audience rating of the program.
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Conclusion
Pursuing rapport is the important reflection of human beings’ reason. Politeness is the best way to achieve rapport. Politeness is closely bound up with people’s life and can be seen everywhere. In TV talk shows, the phenomenon of politeness is essential. This thesis mainly analyzes the phenomenon of politeness in The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon from the perspective of RM Theory. In this chapter, the autho本論文由英語論文網(wǎng)提供整理，提供論文代寫，英語論文代寫，代寫論文，代寫英語論文，代寫留學(xué)生論文，代寫英文論文，留學(xué)生論文代寫相關(guān)核心關(guān)鍵詞搜索。
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評(píng)論：
人際關(guān)系管理理論視角下電視談話節(jié)目中禮貌研究 [6]
關(guān)鍵詞：
摘要：本文是英語語言學(xué)論文，通過對(duì)電視談話節(jié)目中禮貌現(xiàn)象的研究，本文為禮貌研究提供了一個(gè)新視角，證明了人際關(guān)系管理理論的解釋力，彌補(bǔ)了經(jīng)典的面子理論研究禮貌的不足。
r concludes the major findings of politeness in the study and finds out some limitations, and tries to give some suggestions for the following and further study. In this thesis, the author employs the RM Theory and carries out a qualitative study on politeness in the circumstance of television program, by taking The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon as an example. After review and analysis, some points of findings read as follows. First and foremost, under the guidance of RM Theory, there are four types of politeness in The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. This differentiation about politeness amends the politeness classification of Face Theory, which makes politeness more specific. Rapport Management Theory provides a fresh perspective to explain the phenomenon of politeness and it mainly amends the Face Theory. In Face Theory, face is divided into positive face and negative face. In daily linguistic communication, there are always situations where interlocutors’ face (positive or negative) is threatened, which are referred to as face-threatening acts by Brown and Levinson. Thus, in order to protect face and obtain communicative goals, politeness becomes the politeness of face: the politeness of positive face and of negative face. But Brown and Levinson’s politeness theory ignores the interpersonal aspect on face and stresses too much on the notion of autonomy in western culture. Spencer-Oatey proposes RM Theory on the basis of the Face Theory and points out that rapport management involves not only face but also sociality rights, both of which is not only personal but also social, thus politeness is not merely the politeness of face from the personal angle at all; it is concerned with the politeness of face and of sociality rights both from the personal and the interpersonal angle. Thereby, in the The Tonight Show, there are four types of politeness: the politeness of quality face, the politeness of identity face, the politeness of equity rights, and the politeness of association rights.
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