發(fā)布時間：2018-06-15 12:06

  本文選題：行政犯 + 空白罪狀　； 參考：《上海交通大學》2014年博士論文

【摘要】：行政犯的二次違法性特征決定了其在定罪過程中，必然遭遇傳統(tǒng)刑事犯（自然犯）不曾遇到的問題與爭議。首先，行政犯廣泛采用的空白罪狀即面臨罪刑法定原則的拷問。從理論依據和現(xiàn)實需要兩個層面分析，空白罪狀與罪刑法定原則所要求的法律民主性、專屬性和明確性之間不存在根本沖突，，但我國立法上卻有諸多值得注意和改進之處�？瞻鬃餇钤谒痉▽嵺`中的最大問題在于前置法規(guī)的范圍與援引，范圍上應嚴格遵循罪刑法定原則，對較低位階的前置法規(guī)應當實行司法審查。在前置法規(guī)的援引上，應當遵循法律位階規(guī)則、法益同一規(guī)則和轉授權立法無效規(guī)則。 行政犯以行政違法性為前提，其定罪必須經歷從行政違法到刑事違法的認定過程，因此違法性判斷是行政犯定罪的核心問題。我國可以在借鑒大陸法系的違法性理論基礎之上，將違法性作為犯罪成立的一個獨立條件在司法定罪過程中得以適用，而不僅僅作為犯罪特征予以描述。行政犯的行政違法性的判斷主體應為司法機關而非行政機關，判斷標準應為實質標準而非形式標準，判斷方法應為多層次而非一元化。在刑事違法性判斷問題上，應在緩和違法一元論的理論框架下，保證其對行政違法一定的依附性，同時又要通過用語解釋、司法排除技術、司法審查等方法的運用堅持刑法的獨立性。 具體行政行為對行政犯定罪的影響表現(xiàn)為作為入罪要素和作為出罪事由兩方面。定罪過程中，應當審查具體行政行為的合法性，形式審查為基本方式，實質審查為例外。司法解釋將行政處罰作為部分行政犯罪的入罪因素，有其合法性和合理性，但在具體規(guī)定上還要繼續(xù)完善。違法的行政許可是否具有阻卻犯罪的功能，應當以過錯為基礎區(qū)分特別許可和控制性許可區(qū)別對待。 在行政犯罪的主觀認定上，首先應明確行政犯罪過與行政違法的過錯具有差異性。其次，行政犯罪的違法性認識是從可能性而非現(xiàn)實性角度而言，認識的內容以一般的法律規(guī)范而非刑法規(guī)范為宜。在違法性認識錯誤上，應區(qū)分行政法規(guī)認識錯誤和刑法認識錯誤、法律認識錯誤和事實認識錯誤、可避免的認識錯誤和不可避免的認識錯誤。在英美法系國家大量存在的嚴格責任犯罪，我國行政犯立法上并不存在，但從應然性上，可以在有限的行政犯罪領域引進相對嚴格責任。 刑事司法在行政犯領域的介入應當適當，但目前我國的現(xiàn)狀是介入不足與介入過度并存。適度介入可以從四個路徑得以實現(xiàn)：實體法角度完善行政法規(guī)與刑法的銜接，變刑事司法解釋事后備案為事前審查、刑法解釋的雙層解釋之運用、價值評價的適當引入。
[Abstract]:In the process of conviction, administrative crime is bound to encounter problems and disputes that the traditional criminal (natural offense) has never encountered. First of all, administrative crime is widely used blank crime is facing the principle of legality torture. From the two levels of theoretical basis and practical need, there is no fundamental conflict between the legal democracy required by blank crime and the principle of legally prescribed punishment for a crime, the specificity and clarity, but there are many noticeable and improved aspects in our legislation. The biggest problem of blank crime in judicial practice lies in the scope and invocation of the preceding laws and regulations, which should strictly abide by the principle of legally prescribed punishment for a crime, and should be subject to judicial review. We should follow the rule of legal rank, the same rule of legal interest and the rule of invalidation of the legislation of delegation. Administrative offense is the premise of administrative illegality, and its conviction must go through the process from administrative illegality to criminal illegality, so the judgment of illegality is the core problem of administrative offense conviction. On the basis of the illegality theory of the continental law system, our country can apply illegality as an independent condition of the establishment of crime in the process of judicial conviction, but not describe it as the characteristics of crime. The judgment subject of administrative illegality should be the judicial organ, not the administrative organ, the standard of judgment should be the substantive standard rather than the standard of form, and the method of judgment should be multi-level rather than monistic. On the judgment of criminal illegality, under the theoretical framework of abating the monism of illegality, we should ensure its dependence on the administrative violation, and at the same time, we should use the explanation of terms, judicial exclusion technology, The application of judicial review and other methods adhere to the independence of criminal law. The influence of specific administrative act on the conviction of administrative offense is manifested in two aspects: as the element of incrimination and as the cause of crime. In the process of conviction, the legality of specific administrative act should be examined, the formal examination is the basic way, and the substantive examination is the exception. Judicial explanation regards administrative punishment as the factor of incriminating part of administrative crime, which has its legitimacy and rationality, but it should be perfected in specific provisions. Whether the illegal administrative license has the function of preventing crime should distinguish between special license and controlling license on the basis of fault. In the subjective cognizance of administrative crime, we should first make clear that the fault of administrative crime is different from that of administrative crime. Secondly, the recognition of illegality of administrative crime is from the angle of possibility rather than reality, and the content of cognition should be based on general legal norms rather than criminal law norms. In illegality, we should distinguish between administrative law and criminal law, law and fact, which can be avoided and unavoidable. There are a large number of strict liability crimes in Anglo-American law system countries, but the relative strict liability can be introduced in the limited administrative crime field. The intervention of criminal judicature in the field of administrative offense should be appropriate, but the present situation of our country is that insufficient intervention and excessive intervention coexist. Moderate intervention can be realized from four ways: perfecting the connection between administrative regulations and criminal law from the perspective of substantive law, changing criminal judicial interpretation into prior examination, applying double interpretation of criminal law interpretation, and introducing appropriate value evaluation.
【學位授予單位】：上海交通大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：D924.1

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本文編號：2021952