發(fā)布時間：2018-03-26 08:53

  本文選題：農(nóng)藥　切入點：糧食作物　出處：《北京理工大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：我國是一個農(nóng)業(yè)大國，同時也是農(nóng)藥使用和生產(chǎn)大國。長期以來，農(nóng)藥在有效防治農(nóng)業(yè)病蟲害、保證農(nóng)作物增產(chǎn)增收方面發(fā)揮著不可忽視的作用。然而，近年來農(nóng)藥的亂用和濫用現(xiàn)象日益嚴重，引發(fā)了社會各界的廣泛關(guān)注。農(nóng)藥的過量使用對農(nóng)業(yè)工作者的身體健康造成嚴重威脅，同時對生物群落、土壤、水體和大氣等生態(tài)環(huán)境乃至全球生態(tài)圈造成污染。此外，因農(nóng)藥殘留引起的食品安全問題頻發(fā)，制約著我國農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的出口貿(mào)易。 在我國，水稻、玉米和小麥是最主要的糧食作物，產(chǎn)量占所有糧食作物的90%以上。本研究以這三種農(nóng)作物的農(nóng)藥施用量為研究對象，利用計量經(jīng)濟學(xué)的方法，建立風(fēng)險控制(Damage-Control)生產(chǎn)函數(shù)模型，通過全信息極大似然估計法，，追蹤近30年來這三種作物的農(nóng)藥施用量情況，從而探索出使得收益最大化的最優(yōu)農(nóng)藥使用量。在此基礎(chǔ)上，通過最優(yōu)用量和實際用量的橫向?qū)Ρ龋�得出農(nóng)藥的過量使用情況。同時，探索農(nóng)作物產(chǎn)量和農(nóng)藥使用量的影響因素，從而對農(nóng)藥的合理使用提出相應(yīng)的政策建議。 通過研究，本文得出以下主要結(jié)論：1）農(nóng)藥投入能夠有效抑制農(nóng)作物因病蟲害侵襲而產(chǎn)量降低；2）糧食作物價格、農(nóng)藥價格以及農(nóng)民純收入對農(nóng)藥的施用量有顯著影響；3）三種糧食作物生產(chǎn)種植過程中農(nóng)藥過量使用現(xiàn)象普遍存在。在此基礎(chǔ)上，本研究提出可以通過適度提高農(nóng)藥的價格或者流通環(huán)節(jié)的稅收，以抑制農(nóng)藥的購買量；同時通過改進施藥技術(shù)來減少農(nóng)藥浪費，提高農(nóng)藥利用率；此外，還應(yīng)大力發(fā)展低毒高效、綠色環(huán)保的農(nóng)藥制劑，借助生物技術(shù)對病蟲害進行防治。
[Abstract]:China is a large agricultural country, but also a large country in the use and production of pesticides. For a long time, pesticides have played an important role in effectively preventing and controlling agricultural diseases and insect pests and ensuring the increase of crop production and income. In recent years, the misuse and misuse of pesticides have become more and more serious, which has aroused widespread concern from all walks of life. The excessive use of pesticides poses a serious threat to the health of agricultural workers, and at the same time, it also poses a serious threat to the biological communities and the soil. The ecological environment such as water body and atmosphere and even the global ecosphere pollute. In addition food safety problems caused by pesticide residues frequently restrict the export trade of agricultural products in China. In China, rice, corn and wheat are the most important food crops, the yield of which accounts for more than 90% of all grain crops. The production function model of risk control Damage-Controll is established. By means of the full information maximum likelihood estimation method, the pesticide application rate of these three crops is tracked in the past 30 years, and the optimal pesticide usage is explored to maximize the benefits. Based on the horizontal comparison between the optimal dosage and the actual dosage, the situation of excessive use of pesticides is obtained. At the same time, the influencing factors of crop yield and pesticide usage are explored, and the corresponding policy suggestions for the rational use of pesticides are put forward. Based on the research, the following main conclusions are drawn: 1) Pesticide input can effectively restrain the yield of crops reduced by pests and diseases.) the price of grain crops. The price of pesticides and the net income of farmers have a significant effect on the amount of pesticides applied. (3) the phenomenon of excessive use of pesticides in the production and planting of three kinds of grain crops is widespread. In this study, it is suggested that the purchase of pesticides can be restrained by increasing the price of pesticides or the tax on the circulation of pesticides; at the same time, the waste of pesticides can be reduced and the utilization rate of pesticides can be increased by improving the application technology of pesticides. It is also necessary to develop low toxicity, high efficiency and green pesticide preparation and to control diseases and insect pests with biotechnology.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京理工大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：S48;F326.11

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