從日本公共年金制度看老年單身女性的貧困問(wèn)題
[Abstract]:The research object of this paper is single women over 65 years old in Japan. The relative poverty rate of this group is as high as 46.6% (2012), and the proportion of the total population is rising. For this group, the lack of income security from family and work, social security is particularly important. Among them, the annuity system guarantees about 70% of the income of the group, and is one of the most important income security systems for the group. From the perspective of annuity system, this paper sums up three characteristics of the high poverty rate of this group: the large number of elderly single women without annuity income, the 70% of income comes from annuity, and the other groups are more dependent on annuity income. Well-paid annuities, which are directly proportional to young wages, earn less, and one of the reasons for low wages in youth is the high number of single women engaged in informal work. The marital status of single elderly women is divided into divorce, widowhood and unmarried. In view of the influence of different marital conditions on the income annuity, the annuity system has also undergone several reforms to improve the protection of single elderly women. It includes the annuity division system and the survivors' annuity system, which make the women who were in the dependant position in the family to obtain the annuity protection after divorce and widowhood. In addition, starting in 2016, expanding the number of non-formal workers to apply to the health pension is also one of the policies for single women. However, the reform of the annuity system has not effectively restrained the rising poverty rate of the elderly single women. This paper puts forward that the fundamental reason is that the design idea of the current social security system in Japan is based on the standard family model. At the beginning of its establishment, it did not envisage the life track of single women, and could not provide perfect income security for elderly single women. In postwar Japanese society, the pattern of family dependence prevailed. Women are included in the family and are dependent on the family for income security. But in today's Japanese society, a society characterized by regular employment and a high rate of marriage is disintegrating, women are losing income security from their families and jobs, and poverty, once hidden within the family, has been exposed. The importance of a social security system based on individuals is gradually emerging. The revision of the annuity system may be a temporary strategy, but also the mode of thinking that the Japanese society only guarantees the mainstream way of life.
【學(xué)位授予單位】:上海外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】:碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】:2017
【分類號(hào)】:C913.68
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