發(fā)布時間：2018-03-12 07:08

  本文選題：清代　切入點(diǎn)：順康兩朝　出處：《中央民族大學(xué)》2007年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】： 縱觀中國古代政治制度的演進(jìn)歷史，監(jiān)察制度是歷代國家政治制度中不可或缺的重要環(huán)節(jié)之一。中國古代監(jiān)察制度于秦漢時期正式形成，魏晉南北朝時期得以初步發(fā)展，隋唐至宋遼金元時期日臻成熟，明清時期則得到了進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化。總體而言，中國古代監(jiān)察制度是為了維護(hù)封建專制統(tǒng)治而設(shè)立的，這是中國古代監(jiān)察制度發(fā)展變遷的基本內(nèi)涵。 本文對中國古代監(jiān)察史從清代順治、康熙兩朝做一個橫斷面，以其中央監(jiān)察制度主體——科道官員的活動為研究對象，在占有大量原始材料的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行了深入分析。 整體而言，順康兩朝的科道官員在整肅吏治、維持民生、糾舉時弊方面發(fā)揮了一定的積極作用。然順康兩朝歷史環(huán)境既有延續(xù)性又有差異性，因此科道官的活動也不盡相同，各具特色。順治朝，科道官員為改革清初帶有強(qiáng)烈民族征服色彩的五大弊政作出了積極努力；僅存于順治一朝的巡按御史制度也發(fā)揮了獨(dú)特的作用�？滴醭�，圣祖雖對“風(fēng)聞言事”禁而復(fù)開，但情勢盡在其掌控之中，體現(xiàn)了其對言路諸臣比較復(fù)雜的心態(tài)；而科道官對于儲位問題的關(guān)注，也是與順治朝顯著不同之處。 另一方面，順康兩朝都發(fā)生了與科道官員密切相關(guān)的典型彈劾案例，通過對這些案例的具體分析可以看出，順康兩朝最鮮明的特點(diǎn)就是科道官必須對皇權(quán)俯首貼耳，必須服務(wù)于皇權(quán)，服務(wù)于其政治需要，科道官員已經(jīng)徹底淪為控制在最高統(tǒng)治者手中的御用工具。盡管科道官的政治活動還具有著一定的影響力，但其影響力在皇權(quán)之下已經(jīng)遭到了嚴(yán)重削弱�？频拦俨粌H被要求絕對服從于最高統(tǒng)治者的意志，而且不得觸及諸如滿洲利益、滿漢關(guān)系等的敏感禁區(qū)。其言論所及和影響力的發(fā)揮，始終被囿于特定的范圍之內(nèi)。 總之，從順康兩朝科道官員的活動及皇帝對其的基本態(tài)度可以看出，統(tǒng)治者的意志是裁決科道官建言最終而且唯一的準(zhǔn)繩，，以“人治”代替“法治”是封建君主專制制度的基本特征。
[Abstract]:Throughout the evolution of the ancient Chinese political system, the supervisory system is one of the indispensable important links in the national political system of the past dynasties. The ancient Chinese supervisory system was formally formed in the Qin and Han dynasties, and the Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern dynasties were initially developed. From the Sui and Tang dynasties to the Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan dynasties, the Ming and Qing dynasties were further strengthened. In general, the ancient Chinese supervisory system was established to maintain feudal autocratic rule, which is the basic connotation of the development and vicissitude of the ancient Chinese supervision system. In this paper, the history of ancient Chinese supervision from the Qing Dynasty Shunzhi, Kangxi two dynasties as a cross-section, its central supervisory system-the activities of the officials of Kedao as the object of study, in possession of a large number of raw materials on the basis of in-depth analysis. On the whole, the officials of Shunkang dynasties played a positive role in purging officials, maintaining people's livelihood and rectifying the malpractices. However, the historical environment of Shunkang and Shunkang dynasties had both continuity and difference, so the activities of officials in Shunkang were also different. Each had its own characteristics. In Shunzhi Dynasty, the officials of Ke Dao made positive efforts to reform the five bad policies with strong national subjugation at the beginning of the Qing Dynasty. The system of patrol and imperial history, which only existed in Shunzhi Dynasty, also played a unique role. Although the saint-ancestor was forbidden to "wind and tell stories", the situation was under its control, which reflected his complicated attitude towards the officials who spoke the road, and the attention of the officials of science and Taoism to the question of storing places was also significantly different from that of Shunzhi dynasty. On the other hand, both Shunkang dynasties had typical impeachment cases closely related to officials of science and Taoism. Through the concrete analysis of these cases, we can see that the most striking feature of Shunkang dynasties is that the officials of Shunkang have to bow their ears to the imperial power. They must serve the imperial power and serve their political needs, and the officials have been reduced to royal tools in the hands of the supreme rulers, although their political activities still have a certain degree of influence. But its influence has been severely weakened under imperial power. Kautorians are required not only to obey the will of the supreme rulers, but also not to touch interests such as Manchu. The sensitive exclusion zone of Manchu-Han relationship. The exertion of its speech and influence has always been confined to a specific scope. In short, from the activities of the officials of the Shunkang dynasties and the basic attitude of the emperor towards them, it can be seen that the will of the rulers is the ultimate and only criterion for judging the advice of the officials. Rule by man instead of rule by law is the basic feature of feudal autocratic monarchy.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中央民族大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類號】：K249.2

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前2條

1 梁娟娟;清代諫議制度研究[D];山東大學(xué);2009年

2 徐明一;清代六科行政監(jiān)控機(jī)制研究[D];南開大學(xué);2009年

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前3條

1 姬忠科;靳輔治河相關(guān)問題研究[D];中央民族大學(xué);2011年

2 王霞云;論清代六科給事中制度的異化與借鑒[D];蘇州大學(xué);2011年

3 王宏偉;康熙年間風(fēng)聞言事研究[D];湘潭大學(xué);2009年

本文編號：1600506