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  本文選題：漢代　切入點：游民　出處：《山東大學(xué)》2007年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】： 游民(包括流民在內(nèi))的存在是古往今來任何一個國家、任何一個政權(quán)都難以完全避免的嚴重社會問題。游民的大量存在在一定程度上動搖了統(tǒng)治階級施政治國的社會基礎(chǔ)，妨害了統(tǒng)治者方針政策的貫徹執(zhí)行，削弱了統(tǒng)治效力。更有甚者，由游民或流民發(fā)動的叛亂和斗爭嚴重動搖甚至摧垮現(xiàn)行政權(quán)的事例也是不勝枚舉，如“綠林、赤眉”起義、黃巾起義、元末農(nóng)民起義、明末李自成起義及太平天國運動等都有游民大量參與其中。正是因為游民的存在對統(tǒng)治者構(gòu)成如此嚴重的影響，所以任何一個朝代或政權(quán)對于游民(包括流民)問題都是慎重對待并嚴加防范的。 本文共分為五章。 在本文第一章中，首先對“游民”作出一個較為準(zhǔn)確的界定。對游民進行界定的關(guān)鍵是要把握住被考察者與主流社會社會秩序之間的關(guān)系以及被考察者獲得經(jīng)濟來源的方式。如若一個人或一個群體游離于主流社會秩序之外，存在著對主流社會秩序的破壞性行為，或不以從事社會主體生產(chǎn)(在中國封建社會中主要指農(nóng)、工、商業(yè))來作為謀生之本，那么這個人或群體就基本可以被斷定屬于游民或游民群體。自戰(zhàn)國時期開始，中國社會進入游士興盛的時代。至漢代時，中國社會又迎來了游民活動的一個新高潮。導(dǎo)致漢代游民大量出現(xiàn)的原因是復(fù)雜的，涉及到歷史、政治、經(jīng)濟、民族、地域民風(fēng)等多方面的原因。對漢代游民的社會構(gòu)成進行準(zhǔn)確的分析和把握也是一個復(fù)雜的問題，漢代游民的構(gòu)成極為復(fù)雜，主要包括游俠、“少年”、盜賊、巫覡、賓客、以及歌舞藝伎等等。 第二章著重分析論述了漢代游民的社會活動。本章主要從漢代游民對社會秩序的破壞性活動、漢代游民的經(jīng)濟性活動和漢代游民的依附性活動三個方面展開論述。漢代游民在其活動中對社會秩序造成了許多方面的破壞。如盜賊攻占政府統(tǒng)治機構(gòu)、游俠和“少年”椎埋剽掠、巫覡蠱惑民眾等等。游民多以社會主體生產(chǎn)之外的方式和手段獲取經(jīng)濟利益，如盜鑄貨幣、發(fā)掘墳?zāi)�、椎埋剽掠、乃至為他人�?fù)仇而受賕等等。游民總是依附于一定的社會階層以尋求庇護和資助，游民的很多活動往往是依附于權(quán)宦豪族進行的，如復(fù)仇、盜鑄、剽掠等都是游民依附活動的主要表現(xiàn)形式。在本文中，筆者依據(jù)表現(xiàn)形式將游民的依附活動主要分為政治性依附活動、經(jīng)濟性依附活動和軍事性依據(jù)活動。 第三章主要分析漢代游民活動的主要特點。雖然漢代游民中不乏個體性的活動，但群體性毫無疑問地成為漢代游民的主要活動方式。無論是游俠橫行鄉(xiāng)里，“少年”受賕復(fù)仇，盜賊攻掠州郡甚至巫覡的祭祀、禱祝等活動都是以群體性的方式來進行的。在群體性的基礎(chǔ)上，非秩序性是漢代游民活動的另一個重要特征。游民之“游”就體現(xiàn)在其對社會秩序的脫離和背叛上。無論是漢代游民的行為方式、活動目的還是游民的活動影響都表現(xiàn)出與主流社會秩序與規(guī)范的不一致。在漢代遼闊的土地上，不同地域上的游民呈現(xiàn)出各不相同的地域特征。地域性如同群體性和反秩序性一樣，也是漢代游民的重要活動特點。經(jīng)濟繁榮和交通便利的城市是漢代游民的重要活動場所。在城市中，游民們便于獲得生活所需的基本物質(zhì)保障，能夠建立廣泛的社會交往關(guān)系。在漢代遼闊的土地上，不論是自然風(fēng)貌的差別還是民風(fēng)習(xí)俗的不同都使得漢代游民活動呈現(xiàn)出不同的地域特點。從自然環(huán)境和民風(fēng)習(xí)俗的角度對漢代游民的活動進行分析，有助于對漢代游民的活動及影響進行更加形象的把握。 第四章著重闡述漢代游民的社會交往和社會影響。社會交往是游民社會活動重要組成部分。漢代的許多游民建立起廣泛的社會交往網(wǎng)絡(luò)。漢代游民的許多社會活動就是在其社會交往中進行和完成的。上至達官顯貴，下至平民之眾都可以成為游民的結(jié)交對象。本章主要從漢代游民招納賓客、游民投身權(quán)豪、漢代游民之間的交往三個方面展開對漢代游民交往活動的論述。游民活動對漢代社會產(chǎn)生多方面的深刻影響。在本章中就游民對漢代統(tǒng)治政策的影響、對漢代社會秩序的影響及對民眾生活的影響進行了詳細論述。 第五章著重論述兩漢政府對游民所進行的調(diào)控管理。對游民的管理顯然不同于對士、農(nóng)、工、商的管理，對游民的管理和調(diào)控也沒有一成不變的模式和方法可以遵循。為了有效調(diào)控游民，減少游民對于社會政治、經(jīng)濟秩序和民眾生活的危害，，兩漢政府采取了一系列措施對游民實施有效的管理，如對游俠、“少年”的遷徙政策；選派“酷吏”對游民實行酷法打壓；采取軍事手段誅除盜賊；推行教化，轉(zhuǎn)化民風(fēng)民俗；漢政府采取有針對性的措施安撫流民，盡可能阻止流民向游民的轉(zhuǎn)化。
[Abstract]:The homeless (including refugees,) there is no country from ancient to modern times, a serious social problem in any regime are hardly avoidable. There are a large number of homeless has shaken the social foundation of the ruling class policy rule to a certain extent, hinders the implementation of policies of the rulers, weakened the ruling effect. What is more, launched by the homeless refugees or rebellion and struggle and even destroy the current regime severely shaken cases such as "green, be too numerous to enumerate, the" uprising, the Yellow turbans, the peasant uprising at the end of the yuan, Ming and Li Zicheng and the Taiping Movement has a large number of homeless involved. It is because of the existence of a vagrant so seriously the rulers, so any dynasty or regime for the homeless (including refugees) are seriously and take strict precautions.
This article is divided into five chapters.
In the first chapter of the thesis, first of all to make a more accurate definition of "vagrant". The definition of vagrant is the key source of economic relations to hold between the mainstream society and of social order and inspection way. If a person or a group of free from the mainstream of social order. There is a disruptive behavior of the mainstream of social order, or not to engage in social production (in the China feudal society mainly refers to agriculture, industry, business) as a livelihood, then this person or group can be concluded that the basic belongs to the homeless or homeless population. Since the beginning of the Warring States period, China society into their own prosperity the age to the Han Dynasty, Chinese society ushered in a new climax of vagrant activities. The cause of the emergence of a large number of homeless is complex, involving political, economic, historical, national, regional customs etc. Many reasons. Analyze and grasp accurately is a complex problem of homeless Han society, constitute the Han Dynasty vagrant is very complex, mainly including the Ranger, "the youth", rogue, shaman, guests, and dance geisha and so on.
The second chapter focuses on the analysis of the Han Dynasty people's social activities. This chapter mainly from the Han Dynasty. The destruction of social order activities, discusses the three aspects of economic activities in Han Dynasty and Han Dynasty. The vagrant dependent activities. The homeless in its activities to the social order has created many aspects such as thieves damage. Take the government agencies, Ranger and "juvenile" vertebral buried confuse people. The wizard to plunder, to social vagrant main production ways and means to obtain economic benefits, such as stealing cast money, dig the grave, buried for others and vertebral depredation, revenge by bribe and so on. People always adhere to certain social class to to seek shelter and assistance, many of the homeless activities is often attached to the right of the Huan clan, such as revenge, pirates are cast, depredation is one of the main forms of vagrant attachment activities. In this paper, according to the author According to the form of expression, the adherence activities of the tourists are mainly divided into political attachment activities, economic dependence activities and military basis activities.
The third chapter mainly analyzes the main characteristics of the Han Dynasty vagrant activities. Although there is no lack of individual members of the Han Dynasty, but the group undoubtedly become the main activity in the Han Dynasty vagrant way. Both rangers are rampant, "the youth" by bribe revenge, even the wizard thieves worship pleasant state, pray and other activities are carried out in the group way. Based on the group, non order is another important feature of the Han Dynasty vagrant activities. A "tour" is reflected in the social order and betrayal. Whether it is from the Han Dynasty vagrant behavior, influence of purpose or activity showed a vagrant is not in accordance with the mainstream social order and norms. The vast land in the Han Dynasty, the homeless in different regions had different features. As regional groups and anti order, but also in the Han Dynasty The characteristics of important activities. Homeless economic prosperity and convenient transportation of the city is an important place for the homeless. The homeless in the city, in order to obtain the required life of the basic material security, to establish a wide range of social relations. The vast land in the Han Dynasty, whether it is the natural style of the difference is the folk custom in different all the homeless makes Han activities showing different geographical features. To analyze the Han Dynasty vagrant activities from the natural environment and folk custom angle, contribute to the Han Dynasty vagrant activities and influence more image grasp.
The fourth chapter focuses on the social impact of the Han Dynasty people. Social communication is an important part of social activities. Many homeless vagrants of the Han Dynasty to establish extensive social network. Many social activities in the Han Dynasty is a vagrant in social communication and complete. To dignitaries to the civilian people can as a vagrant making object. This chapter mainly from the Han Dynasty to recruit homeless vagrant guests, right Ho, expansion of the Han Dynasty in three aspects of communication activities. The homeless between the discussion. Homeless have deep influence on various aspects of the Han Dynasty. In this chapter the influence of the Han Dynasty vagrant policy, influence the social order of the Han Dynasty and the impact on people's lives were discussed in detail.
The fifth chapter focuses on the regulation of the government. The homeless of vagrant management is obviously different from that of men, farmers, workers, business management, management and control of vagrant nor the mode and method of immutable and frozen can be followed. In order to effectively control the homeless, vagrant to reduce social and political, economic order and harm people life, the government has taken a series of measures to implement the effective management of nomads, such as the Ranger, "juvenile" migration policy; "ruthless" send cool method to suppress the implementation of vagrant; take military means to exterminate the bandits; carry out education and transformation of folk customs; the Chinese government to take targeted measures to appease the refugees, transformation as far as possible to prevent refugees homeless.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類號】：K234

【引證文獻】

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 廖勝平;北京游民改造研究（1949-1953）[D];中共中央黨校;2010年

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 陳蒙;漢初士人與大一統(tǒng)政治[D];北京大學(xué);2011年

本文編號：1601078