清代山東濟寧州歷任知州考論
發(fā)布時間：2018-08-03 18:17
【摘要】：清代濟寧州隸屬于山東省,地處運河沿岸,當(dāng)南北交通之要沖,它的穩(wěn)定與否直接關(guān)系到漕運是否暢通。因此清朝統(tǒng)治者從定鼎之初就十分重視對濟寧州的管理,不但在這里設(shè)立了河道總督等眾多衙署,駐守重兵;還將濟寧州升為直隸州,將其定為“沖、繁、難”三字要缺,這就對濟寧州知州的行政素養(yǎng)提出更高要求。清政府一共任命了137位、162任濟寧州知州,其中竟無一人來自山東省和江蘇徐州府,這體現(xiàn)出清政府在任用地方官時嚴格執(zhí)行籍貫回避制度,以防范地方官員為維護本族利益而徇私;在選派濟寧州知州時,清政府堅持“正途為主,多途并舉”的原則,既重視科甲也強調(diào)不拘一格降人才。同時,清朝作為少數(shù)民族政權(quán),比較注意維護八旗官員的利益,往往在入仕途徑上給予特權(quán),清代濟寧州的旗人知州大多出身異途,而且多貪贓枉法之徒,所以到清后期,面對嚴重的內(nèi)憂外患,清政府不再讓旗人出任濟寧州知州了。此外,介于濟寧州的重要地位,知州多為有地方行政經(jīng)驗的知縣、散州知州、府同知等官員升調(diào)而來,這充分保證了濟寧州知州的整體政治素養(yǎng),有助于濟寧州的長治久安。清朝,作為最后一個封建王朝,既是我國古代史的結(jié)束,又是近代史的開端。清代中前期的濟寧州知州,面對的是上千年來州縣官員都需應(yīng)對的“錢谷刑名”這些傳統(tǒng)問題。而鴉片戰(zhàn)爭后,整個清王朝都面臨著嚴重的內(nèi)憂外患和激烈的社會變革,濟寧州作為其一個基層行政單位,不可避免的被裹挾其中。時代的大變革,使得濟寧州知州的職掌發(fā)生了巨大變化,面對氣勢洶洶的農(nóng)民起義軍,作為文職官員的知州,也要率領(lǐng)團練武裝,親赴戰(zhàn)場配合官軍作戰(zhàn);面對西方殖民者的宗教文化侵略,知州要小心翼翼的調(diào)和教民沖突;面對清末新政,一些有所作為的知州積極創(chuàng)辦近代機構(gòu),如設(shè)立巡警局、創(chuàng)辦各類新式學(xué)堂等等,在一定程度上推動了濟寧州地區(qū)的近代化,為濟寧州的社會轉(zhuǎn)型準備了人才和思想基礎(chǔ)。通過對清代山東濟寧州知州群體進行深入研究,不但豐富了地方區(qū)域史的研究,填補了地方政治制度史研究在這方面的空白;而且系統(tǒng)總結(jié)了清代濟寧州歷任知州治理地方的得失經(jīng)驗,這有助于當(dāng)?shù)氐恼挝拿鹘ㄔO(shè),具有一定的現(xiàn)實意義。
[Abstract]:In the Qing Dynasty, the Jining state belonged to the Shandong Province, which was located on the canal along the canal. When the north and south traffic rushed, its stability was directly related to the unimpeded transport of water. Therefore, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty attached great importance to the management of Jining from the beginning of the ding of the Ding, and not only set up the governor of the river in this area, but also stood the heavy troops, and the state of Jining was promoted to Zhili state. The three words of "Chong, complex and difficult" should be missing, which put forward higher requirements for the administrative accomplishment of Jining state. The Qing government has appointed 137 and 162 Jining States, none of which come from Shandong and Jiangsu Xuzhou, which embodies the strict enforcement of native place avoidance system in the appointment of local officials in order to prevent local officials. In order to safeguard the interests of the ethnic group, the Qing government insisted on the principle of "main road and multi path" in the selection of Jining state. At the same time, the Qing Dynasty, as a minority regime, paid more attention to the interests of the officials of the eight banners, and tended to give privileges to the government of the Qing Dynasty and the flag of the Qing Dynasty in Jining. In the late Qing Dynasty, the Qing government, in the face of serious internal and external problems, no longer allowed the flag man to take up the state of Jining state. In addition, the important position of the state of Jining was the important position of the state. The overall political accomplishment of the state of ningzhou was conducive to the long-term stability of Jining. The Qing Dynasty, as the last feudal dynasty, was the end of the ancient history of our country and the beginning of the modern history. In the early period of the Qing Dynasty, the state of the state of Jining was faced with the traditional problems of "the name of the valley of Qian Gu", which the officials of the state county had to respond to in the last thousand years. After the Qing Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty was confronted with serious internal and external problems and fierce social changes. As a grass-roots administrative unit, Jining was inevitably taken into account. The great changes of the times made a great change in the duties of the state of Jining. In the face of the religious and cultural aggression of the western colonists, the state should be careful to reconcile the conflict with the people in the face of the religious and cultural aggression of the western colonists. In the face of the new deal in the late Qing Dynasty, some of the competent states have actively established modern institutions, such as the establishment of a police station and the establishment of various new types of schools, and so on, to a certain extent, to promote the proximity of the Jining Prefecture. It has prepared the talent and ideological basis for the social transformation of Jining state. Through the in-depth study of the Jining state group in the Qing Dynasty, Shandong, not only enriches the study of local regional history, fills the gap in the study of the history of local political system, but also summarizes the gain and loss experience of Jining state in the Qing Dynasty to govern the Prefecture in the Qing Dynasty. This helps local political civilization construction and has certain practical significance.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：曲阜師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：K249
本文編號：2162567
[Abstract]:In the Qing Dynasty, the Jining state belonged to the Shandong Province, which was located on the canal along the canal. When the north and south traffic rushed, its stability was directly related to the unimpeded transport of water. Therefore, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty attached great importance to the management of Jining from the beginning of the ding of the Ding, and not only set up the governor of the river in this area, but also stood the heavy troops, and the state of Jining was promoted to Zhili state. The three words of "Chong, complex and difficult" should be missing, which put forward higher requirements for the administrative accomplishment of Jining state. The Qing government has appointed 137 and 162 Jining States, none of which come from Shandong and Jiangsu Xuzhou, which embodies the strict enforcement of native place avoidance system in the appointment of local officials in order to prevent local officials. In order to safeguard the interests of the ethnic group, the Qing government insisted on the principle of "main road and multi path" in the selection of Jining state. At the same time, the Qing Dynasty, as a minority regime, paid more attention to the interests of the officials of the eight banners, and tended to give privileges to the government of the Qing Dynasty and the flag of the Qing Dynasty in Jining. In the late Qing Dynasty, the Qing government, in the face of serious internal and external problems, no longer allowed the flag man to take up the state of Jining state. In addition, the important position of the state of Jining was the important position of the state. The overall political accomplishment of the state of ningzhou was conducive to the long-term stability of Jining. The Qing Dynasty, as the last feudal dynasty, was the end of the ancient history of our country and the beginning of the modern history. In the early period of the Qing Dynasty, the state of the state of Jining was faced with the traditional problems of "the name of the valley of Qian Gu", which the officials of the state county had to respond to in the last thousand years. After the Qing Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty was confronted with serious internal and external problems and fierce social changes. As a grass-roots administrative unit, Jining was inevitably taken into account. The great changes of the times made a great change in the duties of the state of Jining. In the face of the religious and cultural aggression of the western colonists, the state should be careful to reconcile the conflict with the people in the face of the religious and cultural aggression of the western colonists. In the face of the new deal in the late Qing Dynasty, some of the competent states have actively established modern institutions, such as the establishment of a police station and the establishment of various new types of schools, and so on, to a certain extent, to promote the proximity of the Jining Prefecture. It has prepared the talent and ideological basis for the social transformation of Jining state. Through the in-depth study of the Jining state group in the Qing Dynasty, Shandong, not only enriches the study of local regional history, fills the gap in the study of the history of local political system, but also summarizes the gain and loss experience of Jining state in the Qing Dynasty to govern the Prefecture in the Qing Dynasty. This helps local political civilization construction and has certain practical significance.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：曲阜師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：K249
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