十九世紀(jì)中后期西歐政黨政治的發(fā)展與第二國際的變遷研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-12-18 13:23
【摘要】：十九世紀(jì)中后期,隨著資產(chǎn)階級革命的結(jié)束,西歐社會進(jìn)入了一個相對“和平”的發(fā)展時期。經(jīng)濟(jì)上,生產(chǎn)力的突飛猛進(jìn)引起了生產(chǎn)關(guān)系的深刻變化,西歐各主要國家先后建立起以重工業(yè)為主體的現(xiàn)代化工業(yè)體系,壟斷資本普遍產(chǎn)生；政治上,代議制民主的確立和普選權(quán)的進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大,使議會內(nèi)外的政黨和各類社團(tuán)組織興起并得到迅速發(fā)展。生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展帶來了經(jīng)濟(jì)的繁榮,也激化了資本主義固有的基本矛盾,國際工人運動在經(jīng)歷巴黎公社失敗的陰影后逐漸復(fù)蘇。在馬克思恩格斯的指導(dǎo)下,工人階級及其政黨利用當(dāng)時的民主政治重新組織起來,將普選權(quán)作為主要斗爭方式,成功地解決了政黨的合法性問題。 第二國際就是在這一時代背景下成立的。第二國際從成立之初,就面臨著西歐現(xiàn)代民主——政黨政治不斷發(fā)展的事實。民主政治的法制化和普選權(quán)的擴(kuò)大,使選舉成為政治民主的典型特征,政黨組織和政黨觀念日益開放。一方面,資產(chǎn)階級政黨由傳統(tǒng)的“權(quán)貴黨”逐漸向大眾黨轉(zhuǎn)變。另一方面,各國工人階級政黨順應(yīng)民主發(fā)展的趨勢,日益習(xí)慣于利用民主的合法手段獲取利益,并取得了顯著成就。第二國際就是在政黨政治不斷發(fā)展的過程中走向解體的。 關(guān)于第二國際緣何破產(chǎn),學(xué)者們主要從第二國際內(nèi)部來找原因,將其獨立于當(dāng)時的歷史條件之外,很難得出實事求是的論斷。第二國際作為社會主義政黨的國際聯(lián)盟,它處在西歐現(xiàn)代化和民主化進(jìn)程的時代背景中；而作為各國社會主義政黨,它們則處在一定的國內(nèi)形勢當(dāng)中。本論文正是從當(dāng)時最大的背景——民主政治的發(fā)展入手,著重剖析政黨政治的發(fā)展對第二國際變遷的影響。 論文主要采用的是文獻(xiàn)研究法。通過大量文獻(xiàn)的研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)第二國際與19世紀(jì)中后期西歐政黨政治的發(fā)展之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系。政黨政治給和平運動提供了舞臺和載體,在一定程度上緩和了階級矛盾,同時也把工人階級及其政黨的注意力吸引到議會活動上,這種轉(zhuǎn)變的態(tài)勢是無法逆轉(zhuǎn)的,它客觀上吻合當(dāng)代社會政治發(fā)展的普遍規(guī)律。因此,第二國際的破產(chǎn)最終還得歸因為現(xiàn)實,是民主政治發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果。
[Abstract]:With the end of bourgeois revolution in the middle and late 19th century, Western European society entered a period of relative "peace". In economy, the rapid development of productive forces has caused profound changes in relations of production. Western European countries have successively established a modern industrial system with heavy industry as the main body, and monopoly capital has generally emerged. In politics, the establishment of representative democracy and the further expansion of universal suffrage made political parties and various social organizations rise and develop rapidly. The development of productive forces brought about economic prosperity and intensified the inherent basic contradictions of capitalism. The international labor movement gradually recovered after experiencing the shadow of the failure of the Paris Commune. Under the guidance of Marx and Engels, the working class and its political parties used the democratic politics at that time to reorganize themselves and regard universal suffrage as the main struggle way, which successfully solved the legitimacy of political parties. The second International was founded under this background of the times. From the beginning of its establishment, the second International is confronted with the fact that modern democracy-party politics in Western Europe is developing. With the legalization of democratic politics and the expansion of universal suffrage, election becomes a typical feature of political democracy, and political party organizations and ideas are becoming more and more open. On the one hand, the bourgeois party gradually changed from the traditional "power party" to the mass party. On the other hand, the working-class political parties in various countries have adapted to the trend of democratic development and become increasingly accustomed to using the legal means of democracy to obtain benefits, and have made remarkable achievements. The second International disintegrated in the process of the continuous development of party politics. As to why the second International went bankrupt, the scholars mainly looked for the reason from the inside of the second International and made it independent from the historical conditions at that time, so it is difficult to draw a conclusion of seeking truth from facts. As the international alliance of the socialist political parties, the second International is in the background of the modernization and democratization of Western Europe, while as the socialist political parties of all countries, they are in a certain domestic situation. This thesis begins with the development of democratic politics, and analyzes the influence of the development of party politics on the second international change. The paper mainly adopts the literature research method. Through a large number of literature studies, we find the internal relationship between the second International and the development of party politics in the middle and late 19th century in Western Europe. Party politics has provided the stage and carrier for the peace movement, alleviated class contradictions to a certain extent, and at the same time attracted the attention of the working class and its political parties to parliamentary activities, which cannot be reversed. It objectively coincides with the universal law of contemporary social and political development. Therefore, the bankruptcy of the second International has to be attributed to reality, which is the inevitable result of the development of democratic politics.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：D05
本文編號：2385917
[Abstract]:With the end of bourgeois revolution in the middle and late 19th century, Western European society entered a period of relative "peace". In economy, the rapid development of productive forces has caused profound changes in relations of production. Western European countries have successively established a modern industrial system with heavy industry as the main body, and monopoly capital has generally emerged. In politics, the establishment of representative democracy and the further expansion of universal suffrage made political parties and various social organizations rise and develop rapidly. The development of productive forces brought about economic prosperity and intensified the inherent basic contradictions of capitalism. The international labor movement gradually recovered after experiencing the shadow of the failure of the Paris Commune. Under the guidance of Marx and Engels, the working class and its political parties used the democratic politics at that time to reorganize themselves and regard universal suffrage as the main struggle way, which successfully solved the legitimacy of political parties. The second International was founded under this background of the times. From the beginning of its establishment, the second International is confronted with the fact that modern democracy-party politics in Western Europe is developing. With the legalization of democratic politics and the expansion of universal suffrage, election becomes a typical feature of political democracy, and political party organizations and ideas are becoming more and more open. On the one hand, the bourgeois party gradually changed from the traditional "power party" to the mass party. On the other hand, the working-class political parties in various countries have adapted to the trend of democratic development and become increasingly accustomed to using the legal means of democracy to obtain benefits, and have made remarkable achievements. The second International disintegrated in the process of the continuous development of party politics. As to why the second International went bankrupt, the scholars mainly looked for the reason from the inside of the second International and made it independent from the historical conditions at that time, so it is difficult to draw a conclusion of seeking truth from facts. As the international alliance of the socialist political parties, the second International is in the background of the modernization and democratization of Western Europe, while as the socialist political parties of all countries, they are in a certain domestic situation. This thesis begins with the development of democratic politics, and analyzes the influence of the development of party politics on the second international change. The paper mainly adopts the literature research method. Through a large number of literature studies, we find the internal relationship between the second International and the development of party politics in the middle and late 19th century in Western Europe. Party politics has provided the stage and carrier for the peace movement, alleviated class contradictions to a certain extent, and at the same time attracted the attention of the working class and its political parties to parliamentary activities, which cannot be reversed. It objectively coincides with the universal law of contemporary social and political development. Therefore, the bankruptcy of the second International has to be attributed to reality, which is the inevitable result of the development of democratic politics.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：D05
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