發(fā)布時間：2018-02-14 23:18

  本文關(guān)鍵詞： 調(diào)解 審判 調(diào)審關(guān)系 調(diào)審合一 調(diào)審分離　出處：《中國社會科學(xué)院研究生院》2012年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：調(diào)解作為一項民事糾紛解決機制，在我國可謂源遠流長，調(diào)解素有“東方美譽”、“東方經(jīng)驗”之稱。調(diào)解作為一種糾紛解決方式，在我國古代社會中發(fā)揮了無可替代的作用。本文所說的調(diào)解主要指法院調(diào)解，調(diào)解與審判的關(guān)系也主要指法院調(diào)解與審判的關(guān)系。我國的法院調(diào)解發(fā)源于革命根據(jù)地時期。建國初期，由于當(dāng)時法律制度的不健全以及人們法律觀念的局限，調(diào)解一度成為法院解決糾紛的主要手段。調(diào)解在民事訴訟糾紛的解決中發(fā)揮了重要作用。改革開放以后，隨著我國法制建設(shè)的不斷完善和人們法律觀念的不斷加強，以審判的方式解決民事糾紛逐漸受到重視。進入20世紀(jì)以來，隨著案件數(shù)量的激增和對訴訟效率價值的追求，調(diào)解的價值再次受到重視。 然而，我國法院的調(diào)解制度還不完善，特別是我國法院對調(diào)解與審判關(guān)系的認(rèn)識上還存在不合理之處，這就導(dǎo)致了過度強調(diào)調(diào)解以及強制調(diào)解等現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生。如何正確認(rèn)識我國調(diào)解與審判的關(guān)系，并對我國調(diào)解與審判的關(guān)系進行改革，使其成為民事訴訟中“一軟一硬”的兩種糾紛解決方式，共同發(fā)揮糾紛解決的作用，就成為我國目前民事訴訟改革所面對的首要問題。 本文擬從以下六個方面對我國調(diào)解與審判的關(guān)系進行分析： 首先，本文通過近幾年出現(xiàn)的“調(diào)解復(fù)興”現(xiàn)象和“100%調(diào)解”、“零判決”的現(xiàn)象，引出本文所要討論的問題。“調(diào)解復(fù)興”是我國進入21世紀(jì)以來，隨著訴訟案件的增多和人們對訴訟效率價值的追求所發(fā)生的一種必然現(xiàn)象，是對我國調(diào)解價值的再次肯定。然而“調(diào)解熱”所帶來的“100%調(diào)解”、“零判決”等一系列片面追求調(diào)解率以及強制調(diào)解的現(xiàn)象卻嚴(yán)重違背了調(diào)解的自愿與合法原則，違背了調(diào)解制度設(shè)計的初衷。所以我國的民事訴訟制度應(yīng)當(dāng)對調(diào)解與審判的關(guān)系進行改革，使其成為民事訴訟中“一軟一硬”的兩種糾紛解決方式，共同發(fā)揮糾紛解決的作用。 其次，本文對我國從革命根據(jù)地時期到現(xiàn)在的調(diào)解與審判關(guān)系的歷史變遷進行了分析。革命根據(jù)地時期的調(diào)審關(guān)系是調(diào)審結(jié)合，調(diào)解與審判不分，法官邊調(diào)邊判，其典型方式是“馬錫五審判方式”。建國之后，我國調(diào)解與審判的關(guān)系經(jīng)歷了四個發(fā)展階段：第一階段是從新中國成立后到1982年《中華人民共和國民事訴訟法（試行）》頒布之前，這一時期我國調(diào)解與審判的關(guān)系表現(xiàn)為調(diào)解為主、審判為輔；第二階段是從1982年《中華人民共和國民事訴訟法（試行）》頒布后到1991年正式頒布《中華人民共和國民事訴訟法》之前，這一時期我國的調(diào)審關(guān)系表現(xiàn)為著重調(diào)解、審判補充；第三階段是從1991年正式頒布《中華人民共和國民事訴訟法》到2002年第18次全國法院工作會議的召開，這一時期我國的調(diào)審關(guān)系表現(xiàn)為自愿調(diào)解、調(diào)審并重；第四階段是從2002年第18次全國法院工作會議的召開至今，此時我國的調(diào)審關(guān)系表現(xiàn)為調(diào)解復(fù)興，判決旁落。最后總結(jié)出我國不同時期調(diào)審關(guān)系的共性是重調(diào)輕判，調(diào)審合一。 第三，本文對我國“調(diào)審合一”的制度設(shè)計所存在的問題進行了分析。調(diào)審主體的合一使得調(diào)解嚴(yán)重違背了自愿原則，，使法官產(chǎn)生預(yù)斷，破壞了審判的中立性，并使調(diào)解信息的保密性受到破壞。調(diào)審程序的合一使得調(diào)解的靈活性、高效性與審判的規(guī)范性、復(fù)雜性相互矛盾，使調(diào)解程序的不公開性與審判程序的公開性不相協(xié)調(diào)，并導(dǎo)致調(diào)解與審判的相互異化。法院制度設(shè)計中的審判責(zé)任追究機制使法官容易逃避做出判決，法官績效考評機制使法官熱衷于選擇調(diào)解。此外，調(diào)解的制度設(shè)計還存在一些問題，如調(diào)解缺乏可操作性的規(guī)范，調(diào)解的案件適用范圍過寬，調(diào)解的時間期限不明確，反悔權(quán)不利于調(diào)解效率價值的實現(xiàn)等等。 第四，本文對我國目前有關(guān)調(diào)審關(guān)系改革的幾種觀點進行了介紹。目前，國內(nèi)對調(diào)審關(guān)系改革主要有三種觀點：調(diào)解改革與加強論、調(diào)解取消與替代論、調(diào)審分離論。調(diào)審分離論又包括訴訟外調(diào)審分離和訴訟內(nèi)調(diào)審分離。相比之下，本文認(rèn)為訴訟內(nèi)調(diào)審分離更符合我國國情，具有現(xiàn)實性、穩(wěn)妥性和可行性。 第五，本文對我國當(dāng)前調(diào)審分離的趨勢進行了分析。我國立法對調(diào)解與審判的適度分離主要表現(xiàn)為，設(shè)置了審前調(diào)解程序和部分案件的強制調(diào)解前置程序，以實現(xiàn)調(diào)審程序的分離，并對調(diào)審主體和信息的適度分離做出了規(guī)定。此外，各地法院的司法改革也紛紛對調(diào)審分離制度進行了實踐嘗試。 最后，本文在以上分析的基礎(chǔ)上對我國調(diào)審分離制度進行了構(gòu)建。主要包括實現(xiàn)訴訟全過程的調(diào)審主體分離，建立專職調(diào)解員制度，重構(gòu)審前調(diào)解程序，實現(xiàn)庭審階段的調(diào)審程序分離，以及對其他制度進行改革與完善等內(nèi)容。
[Abstract]:Mediation as a civil dispute settlement mechanism in China has a long history, known as "Oriental mediation reputation", "Oriental experience" said. Mediation as a way to resolve disputes, has played an irreplaceable role in the ancient society of China. The main court mediation mediation, the relationship between mediation and trial it mainly refers to the relationship between the court mediation and the trial. The court mediation in China originated in the revolutionary base. In the early days, due to the imperfect legal system and people's legal concept limits, mediation became the main means of resolving disputes. The court has played an important role in the mediation of disputes in civil litigation in the reform and opening up. Later, with the constant improvement of China's legal system and strengthen people's legal concepts, the trial to resolve civil disputes is paid attention to in twentieth Century, With the surge in the number of cases and the pursuit of the value of the efficiency of the lawsuit, the value of mediation has been paid more attention.
However, China's court mediation system is not perfect, especially our country court unreasonable there is understanding of the relationship between mediation and trial, which leads to excessive emphasis on Mediation and compulsory mediation and other phenomena. How to correctly understand China's mediation and trial, and the relationship of China's mediation and the trial reform of the civil procedure law become "soft and hard" two ways to resolve disputes, to play a role in dispute resolution, has become the most important problem in China's current civil litigation reform faces.
This article is to analyze the relationship between mediation and trial in the following six aspects:
First of all, this paper in recent years the "mediation Renaissance" and the phenomenon of the "100% reconciliation", "zero judgment" phenomenon, this article tries to discuss the problem. The "mediation revival" is our country since twenty-first Century, an inevitable phenomenon along with the increase in litigation and the pursuit of the value of litigation efficiency the value of China's mediation is affirmed again. "However the mediation" 100% hot "mediation", "zero judgment" and a series of one-sided pursuit of mediation rate of mandatory mediation and the phenomenon has seriously violated the legal principle of voluntary mediation and mediation, contrary to the original intention of the system design. So I China's civil litigation system should be the relationship between mediation and trial reform, the civil lawsuit "soft and hard" two ways to resolve disputes, to play a role in dispute resolution.
Secondly, this paper on China's revolutionary base period from historical changes to the relationship between mediation and trial now is analyzed. The revolutionary base time trial relationship is a combination of the trial, mediation and trial is not divided, the judge sentenced side edge, the typical way is "Temasek five trial mode". After the founding of the PRC in China, the relationship between mediation and trial has gone through four stages: the first stage is from 1982 to China after the establishment of the new "People's Republic of China civil procedural law (Trial)" before the promulgation of the relationship between China's mediation and trial, the period of performance for the mediation based, supplemented by the trial; the second stage is from 1982 "People's Republic of China civil litigation before the law (Trial) > after the promulgation of formally issued in 1991 to People's Republic of China" Civil Procedure Law ", the period of China's trial in relation to emphasize mediation and trial supplement; the third stage is from 1991 Held in People's Republic of China officially promulgated < Civil Procedure Law > 2002 eighteenth national working conference of the court, the period of China's trial in relation to voluntary mediation, the fourth stage is equal; since 2002 held the eighteenth National Conference of the court, the trial in China in relation to the revival of mediation the judgment, sidelined. Finally summarizes the different periods of China's trial relationship is common re adjusted sets, combined with trial.
Third, this paper on China's "trial in the combined system design" problems are analyzed. The main one makes a serious violation of the principle of voluntary mediation, the judge has destroyed the prejudge, neutrality of the judge, and the confidentiality of mediation information is destroyed. The trial program of make a mediation flexibility, normative efficiency and complexity of the trial, contradictory, openness of the mediation process is not open and the trial procedure is not coordinated, and lead to the dissimilation between mediation and trial court system. In the design of judicial accountability mechanism allows judges to escape verdict, the judge performance evaluation the judges are keen to choose mediation mechanism. In addition, the mediation system design there are still some problems, such as lack of operability of the mediation mediation norms, the scope of the case is too wide, the time period of mediation is not clear, go back Right is not conducive to the realization of the efficiency of mediation and so on.
Fourth, this paper introduces several viewpoints about the relationship between mediation and trial system reform in China. At present, the domestic exchange reform mainly has three viewpoints: mediation reform and strengthen mediation theory, cancellation and substitution theory, the separation theory. The separation theory and the separation and redeployment of litigation in civil procedure separation. In contrast, the separation in civil procedure which conforms to China's national conditions, realistic, safe and feasible.
Fifth, this paper analyzes China's current trend. The separation of appropriate separation in China's legislation on the mediation and trial mainly for setting mandatory pre-trial conciliation mediation before trial procedures and in some cases, in order to achieve the separation of mediation and trial procedures, and on the appropriate separation of trial subjects and information made the provisions of judicial reform. In addition, local courts have also on trial separation system of practice.
Finally, on the basis of analysis on China's trial separation system was constructed. Mainly realize the whole process of the trial proceedings the main separation, the establishment of full-time mediator system, reconstruction of pretrial mediation procedures, implementation of the trial phase of the trial separation procedures, and the reform and improvement of the content of he system.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國社會科學(xué)院研究生院
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：D925.1;D926.2

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