發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-03-22 06:25

  本文選題：農(nóng)村土地產(chǎn)權(quán)制度　切入點(diǎn)：變遷　出處：《河南師范大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：我國(guó)是一個(gè)農(nóng)業(yè)大國(guó)，農(nóng)村土地問(wèn)題對(duì)農(nóng)民來(lái)說(shuō)顯得至關(guān)重要，也是我國(guó)現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程中不得不考慮的重要因素，本文對(duì)建國(guó)以來(lái)縱橫60余年的農(nóng)村土地產(chǎn)權(quán)制度的變遷情況進(jìn)行了研究，從土地改革的進(jìn)行開(kāi)始，它雖然沿襲了歷史上的土地私有制，但是這次改革改變了傳統(tǒng)的土地集中于少數(shù)人的現(xiàn)象，廣大的勞動(dòng)人民開(kāi)始成為土地的主人，同時(shí)擁有了土地的所有權(quán)和使用權(quán)，但是這種小農(nóng)經(jīng)營(yíng)漸漸地也阻礙了我國(guó)工業(yè)化發(fā)展的步伐，終于被歷史所淘汰。隨之我們迎來(lái)了農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)互助合作化運(yùn)動(dòng)，從生產(chǎn)互助組開(kāi)始，在一些簡(jiǎn)單的生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)上進(jìn)行互助，再到初級(jí)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)合作社時(shí)期將一部分土地交由集體，開(kāi)始了初步的集體經(jīng)營(yíng)，但在這過(guò)程中一直都沒(méi)有改變農(nóng)民的土地私有制。發(fā)展到高級(jí)社時(shí)期農(nóng)民對(duì)土地的所有權(quán)和使用權(quán)統(tǒng)一收歸集體，人民公社時(shí)期集體化程度達(dá)到頂峰；隨后農(nóng)民自發(fā)組織了“包產(chǎn)到戶”，一場(chǎng)自下而上的運(yùn)動(dòng)得以開(kāi)展，從十一屆三中全會(huì)確立家庭聯(lián)產(chǎn)承包責(zé)任制到現(xiàn)在，經(jīng)過(guò)了三十幾年的發(fā)展也日趨成熟。 由變遷歷程我們總結(jié)出農(nóng)村土地產(chǎn)權(quán)制度變遷的特征，即所有權(quán)經(jīng)歷了從私有到集體所有的變化，與經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)逐漸走向分離，且變遷方式從強(qiáng)制變遷走向誘致性變遷。通過(guò)對(duì)歷史系統(tǒng)的分析我們同樣也得到了非常寶貴的歷史經(jīng)驗(yàn)和啟示：未來(lái)的制度的設(shè)計(jì)必須立足于農(nóng)村生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展實(shí)際，反對(duì)不切實(shí)際的政績(jī)工程，政府在制定各項(xiàng)政策、制度的時(shí)候必須充分考慮農(nóng)民的利益，尊重廣大勞動(dòng)人民的選擇，并以法律的形式確立，隨著實(shí)際情況的改變不斷完善相關(guān)法律內(nèi)容，充分保護(hù)農(nóng)民的實(shí)際權(quán)益。 現(xiàn)行農(nóng)村土地產(chǎn)權(quán)制度在實(shí)際運(yùn)行中存在著一些突出問(wèn)題，如土地所有權(quán)主體不明確，，客體邊界模糊；土地承包經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)依然存在不確定的因素，農(nóng)民私自流轉(zhuǎn)土地的現(xiàn)象非常普遍，缺乏一個(gè)行之有效的市場(chǎng)流轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)制；與此同時(shí)，產(chǎn)權(quán)制度相關(guān)法律建設(shè)不夠完善等。針對(duì)實(shí)際出現(xiàn)的這些問(wèn)題，具體應(yīng)對(duì)之策可以有：使農(nóng)村土地所有權(quán)的主體和客體更加明確，并對(duì)其權(quán)利和義務(wù)加以規(guī)定；對(duì)于土地承包經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)，在使其變得更加穩(wěn)定的同時(shí)，健全市場(chǎng)流轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)制，防止因私下流轉(zhuǎn)而產(chǎn)生的高額成本；法制建設(shè)一定要跟得上，以土地承包經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)為中心，為規(guī)范對(duì)土地的統(tǒng)一管理，必須建立起一整套的法權(quán)體系；還要完善征地、戶籍、就業(yè)、社保等一系列的相關(guān)配套措施等等。
[Abstract]:China is a large agricultural country, and the rural land problem is very important to the peasants, and it is also an important factor that must be considered in the process of modernization of our country. This article has carried on the research to the rural land property right system vicissitude since the founding of the people's Republic of China for more than 60 years, starting from the land reform, although it has inherited the historical land private ownership, But this reform has changed the traditional phenomenon that land is concentrated in a small number of people. The vast number of working people have become masters of the land and have the ownership and the right to use the land at the same time. However, this kind of small farmer management gradually hindered the pace of industrialization in our country, and was finally eliminated by history. With this, we ushered in the movement of mutual aid and cooperation in agricultural production, starting with the production mutual-aid group. To assist each other in some simple production links, and to hand over part of the land to the collective during the period of the primary agricultural production co-operatives, the initial collective operation began. However, in this process, there has been no change in the private ownership of land. In the period of the senior commune, the peasants' ownership of land and the right to use the land were unified to the collective, and the collectivization degree of the people's commune reached its peak. Then the peasants spontaneously organized "contracted output to households", a bottom-up movement was carried out, from the third Plenary session of the 11th CPC Central Committee to the establishment of the household contract responsibility system, after more than 30 years of development has also become increasingly mature. From the process of change, we summarize the characteristics of the change of rural land property right system, that is, the change of ownership from private ownership to collective ownership, and the gradual separation of ownership from management right. Through the analysis of the historical system, we also get very valuable historical experience and enlightenment: the design of the future system must be based on the actual development of rural productive forces. To oppose unrealistic performance projects, the government must fully take into account the interests of peasants, respect the choices of the working people and establish them in the form of laws when formulating policies and systems. With the change of the actual situation, the relevant legal contents should be perfected to fully protect the farmers' actual rights and interests. There are some outstanding problems in the actual operation of the current rural land property right system, such as the unclear main body of land ownership, the blurred boundary of the object, the uncertain factors of the right of land contracting and management, The phenomenon of peasants' private circulation of land is very common and lacks an effective market circulation mechanism. At the same time, the legal construction related to the property right system is not perfect enough. The specific countermeasures can be: to make the subject and object of rural land ownership clearer, and to stipulate their rights and obligations; to improve the market circulation mechanism while making the land contractual management right more stable. To prevent the high cost arising from the private circulation, the legal system must be built up with the right of contracted management of the land as the center, and in order to standardize the unified management of the land, a complete system of legal rights must be established, and land requisition and household registration must be perfected. Employment, social security and a series of related supporting measures and so on.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河南師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：D922.3;D923.2

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