發(fā)布時間：2018-04-29 00:35

  本文選題：棉花 + 鹽漬化土壤�。� 參考：《中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2015年博士論文

【摘要】：鹽漬化荒地是耕地的后備土地資源,合理開發(fā)鹽漬化荒地而不造成環(huán)境風(fēng)險成為保障耕地面積的可行性途徑之一,新疆棉花產(chǎn)區(qū)存在大量鹽漬化土壤,淡水資源不足嚴(yán)重限制新疆鹽漬化上地開墾和利用,同時眾多限制因子制約著鹽漬化農(nóng)田的改良和利用,包括根際土壤磷有效性、土壤鹽漬化程度和pH、根層土壤溫度以及土壤微生物活性等,這些因子相互制約,消除這些限制因子,改善根系生長環(huán)境,提高根際土壤磷有效性是提高棉花養(yǎng)分吸收效率、促進(jìn)棉花增產(chǎn)的有效途徑。本文利用多種微生物細(xì)胞特異性大分子化合物測定方法定性和定量研究了新疆鹽漬化土地開墾和利用過程中土壤鹽分、養(yǎng)分含量及微生物群落的變化,原位條件下定量研究了鹽漬化土壤中土著AM真菌對作物生長、養(yǎng)分吸收和耐鹽性的貢獻(xiàn),并研究了節(jié)水滴灌模式下改善栽培措施和肥料調(diào)控技術(shù)對棉花生長和養(yǎng)分吸收的影響,主要結(jié)論如下： (1)鹽漬化農(nóng)田中,土壤鹽分、養(yǎng)分含量和微生物群落顯著受土地利用方式和利用年限的影響。鹽漬化荒地開墾為農(nóng)田后,土壤鹽分顯著降低,鹽漬化荒地開墾后pH由8.9降至7.9,土壤有機(jī)碳和養(yǎng)分含量均顯著增加,土地利用方式轉(zhuǎn)變一定程度上抑制土壤微生物量生長,土壤細(xì)菌(胞壁酸)和真菌(氨基葡萄糖)生物量都降低30%,磷脂脂肪酸體現(xiàn)相同趨勢。土地轉(zhuǎn)化為棉田后,土壤鹽分、養(yǎng)分和微生物生物量經(jīng)歷2個階段,棉田種植前3年為快速改良階段,棉田產(chǎn)量快速增加,鹽分快速降低,土壤養(yǎng)分含量和微生物生物量均快速增加,真菌所占比例和革蘭氏陰性細(xì)菌和陽性細(xì)菌比值增加,鹽分是此階段主要限制因子；棉田種植5年后為穩(wěn)定階段,土壤鹽分、養(yǎng)分含量和微生物生物量均保持穩(wěn)定,探尋棉花生長限制因子是棉花增產(chǎn)的可行途徑。磷脂脂肪酸主成分分析結(jié)果表明,土地利用方式和利用年限對微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)無顯著影響。 (2)鹽漬化農(nóng)田中,土著AM真菌能夠促進(jìn)作物生長和養(yǎng)分吸收,提高作物耐鹽性。通過本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),由尼龍網(wǎng)和PVC管組成的裝置,能夠較好的用于原位條件下研究土著AM真菌對植物生長和耐鹽性的效應(yīng),振動對PVC裝置內(nèi)非菌根作物甜菜無顯著影響說明此裝置不會抑制裝置內(nèi)作物生長,不同處理間差異源于土著AM真菌對裝置內(nèi)宿主作物的生長和養(yǎng)分吸收的貢獻(xiàn),振動和靜止處理建立了棉花和玉米兩種作物低侵染率對照和高侵染率處理,土著AM真菌能夠顯著促進(jìn)作物生物量積累和磷、氮養(yǎng)分的吸收,對可溶性糖和脯氨酸等滲透物質(zhì)的積累也有一定的促進(jìn)作用,有利于提高作物耐鹽性。研究結(jié)果表明：土著AM真菌能夠緩解鹽漬化土壤對作物生長的抑制作用,促進(jìn)作物生長和養(yǎng)分吸收。 (3)雙膜覆蓋提高根層土壤溫度,促進(jìn)棉花出苗。通過2011和2013年研究發(fā)現(xiàn),雙膜覆蓋能夠有效提高播種期和苗期根層土壤溫度,起到良好的增溫保溫的作用,結(jié)合適時早播促進(jìn)棉花提早1天出苗,種植20天后早播和常規(guī)播種出苗率顯著提高14%和40%,能夠有效延長棉花生長季,有利于棉花生長,但雙膜覆蓋對土壤鹽分和棉花產(chǎn)量均無顯著影響。 (4)磷肥和氮肥形態(tài)和施肥方式調(diào)控,能夠促進(jìn)棉花生長和養(yǎng)分吸收,提高棉花產(chǎn)量。試驗結(jié)果表明：增施磷肥能夠促進(jìn)苗期棉花地上部生物量增加,但對棉花后期生長和產(chǎn)量無顯著正效應(yīng),磷肥施用量相同時,磷肥形態(tài)對棉花生長無顯著影響,而磷肥和氨態(tài)氮肥條施能夠酸化根際土壤,促進(jìn)苗期棉花生長和養(yǎng)分吸收,但其正效應(yīng)隨生育期延長而消失,蕾期和花鈴期棉花將更多養(yǎng)分運(yùn)移至地上部營養(yǎng)器官和生殖器官中,棉花養(yǎng)分吸收量顯著增加,結(jié)合花鈴期滴施氨態(tài)氮肥,棉花產(chǎn)量顯著增加,磷肥和氨態(tài)氮肥調(diào)控在促進(jìn)棉花生長和養(yǎng)分生物有效性方面具有重要的作用。 通過以上研究,主要得到以下結(jié)論：①土壤鹽分、養(yǎng)分含量和微生物群落顯著受土地利用方式和利用年限的影響；②鹽漬化農(nóng)田中,土著AM真菌促進(jìn)作物生長和養(yǎng)分吸收,提高作物抗鹽性,合理改善栽培措施,提高土著AM真菌功能有利于進(jìn)一步提高養(yǎng)分利用效率和作物產(chǎn)量；③膜下滴灌模式下,雙膜早播能夠通過提高地表土壤溫度促進(jìn)棉花出苗,促進(jìn)棉花苗期生長；④鹽漬化土壤中,適量磷肥和氮肥調(diào)控促進(jìn)棉花生長和提高養(yǎng)分生物有效性,增加棉花產(chǎn)量。這些結(jié)果為合理改善栽培措施提高鹽漬化農(nóng)田中作物生長和產(chǎn)量、以及利用土壤微生物評價鹽漬化土地改良提供了直接證據(jù)。
[Abstract]:Salinized wasteland is a reserve land resource of cultivated land , and it is one of the feasible ways to rationally develop salinized wasteland without causing environmental risk to become a guarantee cultivated land . At the same time , there exist a large amount of salinized soil in the cotton production area of Xinjiang , which limits the soil salinity , soil salinity and pH , soil temperature of root layer and soil microbial activity .

( 1 ) In salinized farmland , soil salinity , nutrient content and microbial community were significantly affected by land use pattern and service life . After reclamation of salinized wasteland into farmland , the soil salinity decreased significantly , and the soil organic carbon and nutrient contents decreased significantly .
After five years of cotton field planting , the soil salinity , nutrient content and microbial biomass were stable . The cotton growth restriction factor was the feasible way to increase the yield of cotton . The main component analysis of phospholipid fatty acid showed that the land use pattern and the service life had no significant effect on the structure of microbial community .

( 2 ) In salinized farmland , indigenous AM fungi can promote crop growth and nutrient absorption , improve the salt tolerance of crops .

( 3 ) The double - film mulching increased the soil temperature of the root layer and promoted the emergence of cotton . Through the research in 2011 and 2013 , the double - film mulching can effectively improve the soil temperature of the root layer in the seedling stage and the seedling stage , play a good role of warming and keeping warm , combine the early sowing to promote the seedling emergence rate of the cotton early 1 day , increase the growth season of the cotton and facilitate the growth of the cotton , but the double - film mulching has no significant effect on the soil salt content and the cotton yield .

The results showed that the phosphorus fertilizer and ammonia nitrogen fertilizer could promote the growth and nutrient absorption of cotton in the seedling stage , but the positive effects of phosphorus fertilizer and ammonia nitrogen fertilizer could acidify the rhizosphere soil and promote the growth and nutrient absorption of cotton .

Through the above research , the following conclusions are mainly obtained : ( 1 ) The soil salinity , nutrient content and microbial community are obviously affected by land use pattern and service life ;
( 2 ) In salinized farmland , the indigenous AM fungi promote crop growth and nutrient absorption , improve the salt tolerance of crops , improve the cultivation measures reasonably , and improve the function of the indigenous AM fungi to further improve the nutrient use efficiency and crop yield ;
( 3 ) Under the mulch drip irrigation mode , the double - film early sowing can promote the cotton seedling emergence by increasing the surface soil temperature and promote the growth of the cotton seedling stage ;
The results provide direct evidence for improving the growth and yield of crops in salinized farmland and using soil microorganisms to evaluate the improvement of salinized land .

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：S562

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