發(fā)布時間：2018-05-03 12:10

  本文選題：自然保護(hù)區(qū) + 風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)��； 參考：《東北林業(yè)大學(xué)》2015年博士論文

【摘要】：自然保護(hù)區(qū)有廣義和狹義之分,目前得到廣泛承認(rèn)的廣義自然保護(hù)區(qū)(protected area)又譯作保護(hù)地,系指“致力于生物多樣性,自然及其相關(guān)文化資源的保護(hù)和維持,并通過立法或其他有效手段進(jìn)行管理的陸地和海域”(IUCN,1994),依照上述定義,除自然保護(hù)區(qū)外,我國的主要自然保護(hù)形式還包括風(fēng)景名勝區(qū),地質(zhì)公園,森林公園,濕地公園等。經(jīng)過近60年的發(fā)展,我國的自然保護(hù)區(qū)體系已經(jīng)形成了可觀的規(guī)模并取得了可喜的成績,但同時我們也遺憾的發(fā)現(xiàn),這種各類自然保護(hù)形式獨立發(fā)展,各自為政的發(fā)展模式已經(jīng)難以為繼,急需改變：首先是重復(fù)建設(shè)和重復(fù)投入情況嚴(yán)重,各主管部門自行其事缺乏統(tǒng)一的宏觀規(guī)劃與協(xié)調(diào),致使各保護(hù)類別界限模糊范圍交叉,造成我國自然保護(hù)區(qū)重復(fù)建設(shè)和管理臃余狀況嚴(yán)重,浪費了本就不充足的自然保護(hù)資金和有限的人力物力。其次是造成了我國的自然保護(hù)區(qū)發(fā)展不均衡狀況。這種不均衡性主要表現(xiàn)在,其一是林業(yè)系統(tǒng)所占比例過大；其二是保護(hù)區(qū)的覆蓋率在全國的分布相當(dāng)不均勻,高密度人口地區(qū)保護(hù)區(qū)覆蓋率過低；其三是國家級保護(hù)區(qū)所占面積比例偏高。客觀上造成了我國的自然保護(hù)區(qū)尚存在嚴(yán)重的保護(hù)空缺,許多物種和重要的生物地理單元都面臨嚴(yán)重威脅。調(diào)查表明,雖然我國的國字號保護(hù)地已經(jīng)達(dá)到了1900個,但仍然有許多關(guān)鍵生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和重要物種沒有得到很好的保護(hù)覆蓋。宏觀布局混亂、宏觀協(xié)調(diào)機制缺失、宏觀管理不利是造成我國自然保護(hù)事倍功半、低效率重復(fù)的主要根源之一,在宏觀管理失控的情況下,僅靠努力去提高單體自然保護(hù)形式的管理水平,都只是治標(biāo)不治本的保護(hù)行為,無法從根本上改變我國自然保護(hù)事業(yè)孱弱的格局。因此,當(dāng)務(wù)之急是厘清我國自然保護(hù)宏觀布局和宏觀調(diào)控的問題�；�于上述認(rèn)識,本文選取了我國最主要的五種自然保護(hù)形式,運用GIS空間分析方法,結(jié)合我國人口密度和城市發(fā)展指數(shù)等社會經(jīng)濟指標(biāo)數(shù)據(jù),分析它們與自然保護(hù)區(qū)之問的空間分布特點及相互關(guān)系,得出如下主要結(jié)論：(1)我國各省間保護(hù)區(qū)和風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)的數(shù)量差異很大,而且二者在地理分布上也存在顯著差異,風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)主要集中在南方長江流域、黃河中段等地區(qū),而在較偏遠(yuǎn)的東北和西部地區(qū)或者人稀區(qū)域保護(hù)區(qū)的數(shù)量相對較多。從總體上來看,風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)較自然保護(hù)區(qū)相對集中。風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)集中度與人口集中度呈成正相關(guān)；在不考慮省份的影響下,中東部地區(qū)風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)分布相對集中,人口稀疏的西部自然保護(hù)區(qū)相對集中。國家級風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)基本在城市周圍分布,分布趨勢也較相似,呈現(xiàn)出一定的規(guī)律性；而國家級自然保護(hù)區(qū)與城市的偏離度很大,與城市的關(guān)聯(lián)性很小�？臻g分布密度圖表明無論是國家自然保護(hù)區(qū)還是國家級風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)都呈現(xiàn)出集中分布的情況,自然保護(hù)區(qū)和風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)密集程度都高于全國平均密度的區(qū)域為京津唐地區(qū)、川陜地區(qū)、云貴高原、長江中下游地區(qū)。(2)中國各省間保護(hù)區(qū)和國家地質(zhì)公園的數(shù)量存在巨大差異,國家地質(zhì)公園主要集中在南方長江流域等地區(qū),而保護(hù)區(qū)多分布在較偏遠(yuǎn)的東北和西部地區(qū)或者人稀區(qū)域。從總體上來看,國家地質(zhì)公園較自然保護(hù)區(qū)相對集中,且大部分集中在南方地區(qū)。地質(zhì)公園集中度與人口集中度呈成正相關(guān);在不考慮省份的影響下,中東部地區(qū)地質(zhì)公園分布相對集中,人口稀疏的西部自然保護(hù)區(qū)相對集中。在新疆、西藏、青海等西北地區(qū)自然保護(hù)區(qū)的數(shù)量不高,但單體保護(hù)區(qū)的面積均較大,因此在面積分布上,該地區(qū)所占比重較大；與之相反,雖然中東部地區(qū)自然保護(hù)區(qū)數(shù)量較多,但每個自然保護(hù)區(qū)的面積都比較小；而地質(zhì)公園的面積在全國范圍內(nèi)均比較均衡。(3)濕地保護(hù)區(qū)和濕地公園分布情況與中國濕地、水系分布相對一致,呈現(xiàn)出“東密西疏”的分布格局。密度圖表明無論是濕保護(hù)區(qū)還是濕地公園都呈現(xiàn)出集中分布的情況,其中濕地保護(hù)區(qū)主要集中在三大區(qū)域：東北松花江流域、長江中下游地區(qū)和東南沿海地區(qū)；濕地公園分布較分散,主要分布在北京、山東、長江入�？�、湖北和湖南交界處、四川東部、山西、陜西、廣東南部等地區(qū)。西北部,如新疆、西藏、青海等省份擁有大面積的濕地,濕地保護(hù)區(qū)和濕地公園的數(shù)量卻非常少,部分區(qū)域仍存在保護(hù)空白區(qū)。從全國范圍來看,雖然濕地保護(hù)區(qū)數(shù)量多于濕地公園,但濕地保護(hù)區(qū)分布極不均勻,嚴(yán)重偏向東南部地區(qū)。(4)森林公園在保護(hù)地系統(tǒng)中占的比例最大,森林公園主要分布于東北和內(nèi)蒙古山地平原區(qū)、華北平原和黃土高原區(qū)、華東丘陵平原等區(qū)；森林公園與城市離散度較小,距離較近,其發(fā)展程度與城市有一定的關(guān)系。我國中南、華東等地各自然保護(hù)形式的地理分布較密集,覆蓋率較高,而在西北、西南和華北等地的局部地區(qū),尚有不少的覆蓋空缺。海南、長江流域、福建、浙江和海南分布的自然保護(hù)區(qū)面積雖然不大,沒有完全覆蓋重點區(qū)域,但是將其他四種形式保護(hù)地疊加后,這幾個地區(qū)分布的重點區(qū)域幾乎被完全覆蓋,生物多樣性被很好的保護(hù)。云南、四川、甘肅、廣西地區(qū)的重點區(qū)域都有少部分面積被不同形式的保護(hù)地保護(hù),保護(hù)地分布較分散,面積小。新疆、東北、內(nèi)蒙古的重點區(qū)域的少部分面積被保護(hù)區(qū)、森林公園、地質(zhì)公園和濕地公園保護(hù),各保護(hù)形式較分散,但面積大。其中濕地公園保護(hù)面積較大,保護(hù)生物多樣性力度較大。青海的重點區(qū)域有一半的面積被自然保護(hù)區(qū)覆蓋。西藏的重點區(qū)域幾乎無保護(hù)地覆蓋。
[Abstract]:The nature reserve has a broad and narrow sense, and the widely recognized generalized nature reserve (protected area) is also translated as a protected area. It refers to "land and sea areas and sea areas that are committed to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity, nature and related cultural resources and through legislation or other effective means" (IUCN, 1994), according to the above. In addition to natural reserves, the main forms of natural protection in our country include scenic spots, geoparks, Forest Park, and wetland parks. After nearly 60 years of development, our natural reserve system has formed a considerable scale and made gratifying achievements. At the same time, we also regret to find this kind of natural protection. In the form of independent development, the development model of each individual's own affairs has been unsustainable and urgent need to be changed. First, the situation of repeated construction and repeated investment is serious, and the departments in charge lack unified macro planning and coordination for their own affairs, resulting in the intersecting of the fuzzy scope of various protection categories, resulting in the duplication of construction and management of China's natural reserves. It is a serious waste of inadequate natural protection funds and limited manpower and material resources. Secondly, it causes the unbalanced development of natural reserves in China. This imbalance is mainly manifested in the large proportion of the forestry system, and the other is that the coverage rate of the protected areas is fairly uneven throughout the country and high density population. The coverage of regional protection areas is too low; third, the proportion of the national protected areas is high. Objectively, there are serious protection vacancies in China's natural reserves, and many species and important biogeographic units are facing serious threats. The survey shows that although China's national character protection has reached 1900, it still remains. There are many key ecosystems and important species that have not been well protected. Macro layout is chaotic, macro coordination mechanism is missing, and macro management is unfavourable, which is one of the main causes of natural protection in China, one of the main causes of low efficiency repetition, and to improve the form of natural protection only by efforts in the case of control of macro management. The level of management is only a protective act of managing the standard, which can not fundamentally change the weak pattern of natural protection in China. Therefore, the urgent task is to clarify the macro distribution and macro control of China's natural protection. Based on the above understanding, this paper selects five forms of natural protection, which is the most important of our country, and uses GIS space analysis. Method, according to the data of the population density and the urban development index, the spatial distribution characteristics and the relationship between them and the nature reserve are analyzed. The following main conclusions are drawn: (1) there are great differences in the number of the protected areas and scenic spots among the provinces in China, and there are significant differences in the geographical distribution of the two. The scenic spots are mainly concentrated in the Southern Yangtze River Basin, the middle part of the Yellow River, and the relatively remote areas in Northeast and western regions or in the rare area protection areas. In general, the scenic areas are relatively concentrated compared with the natural reserves. The concentration of scenic spots has a positive correlation with the population concentration; it is not considered in the province. The distribution of scenic spots in the Middle East region is relatively concentrated, and the sparsely populated western natural reserves are relatively concentrated. The national scenic spots are basically distributed around the city, and the distribution trend is similar, showing a certain regularity; and the degree of deviation between the National Nature Reserve and the city is very large, and the relationship with the city is very large. It is very small. The spatial distribution density map shows that both national nature reserve and national scenic area have concentrated distribution. The intensity of natural reserves and scenic spots is higher than the national average density in the area of Beijing, Tianjin and Tang, Sichuan and Shaanxi, Yunnan and Guizhou Plateau, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. (2) interprovincial insurance in China. There are great differences in the number of protected areas and national geoparks. The national geoparks are mainly concentrated in the Southern Yangtze River Basin and other areas, while the protected areas are mostly distributed in the Far East and west regions or in the dilute areas. There is a positive correlation between the concentration of the quality Park and the concentration of the population. Under the influence of the provinces, the Geoparks in the Middle East region are relatively concentrated, and the western natural reserves with sparse population are relatively concentrated. The number of natural reserves in the northwest region of Xinjiang, Tibet and Qinghai is not high, but the area of the single protected area is large, so the area is in area. On the contrary, the area of the region is relatively small, but the area of each natural reserve is relatively small, and the area of the Geopark is relatively balanced throughout the country. (3) the distribution of wetland conservation areas and wetland parks is relatively consistent with the distribution of wetland and water system in China. The distribution pattern of "East Mississippi" is shown. The density map shows that both the wet protected area and the wetland park are concentrated in the three major areas: the Northeast Songhua River basin, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the southeast coastal area; the wet park is distributed more scattered, mainly in Beijing, mountains East, the Yangtze River entrance, the junction of Hubei and Hunan, Eastern Sichuan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Guangdong, and other regions. The northwest, such as Xinjiang, Tibet, Qinghai, and other provinces have large areas of wetlands, the number of wetland parks and wetland parks is very small, some areas still exist in the protection of the blank area. From the national scale, although wetland reserves number There are more than wetland parks, but the distribution of wetland reserves is very uneven, and it is heavily biased toward the southeast. (4) the largest proportion of the Forest Park is in the protected land system, the Forest Park is mainly distributed in the northeast and Inner Mongolia mountainous plain, the North China Plain and the Loess Plateau, and the hilly plain in East China; Forest Park and the city are in a small distance. In the near future, the degree of its development has a certain relationship with the city. The geographical distribution of natural protection forms in central and South China, East China and other places is relatively high, while in the northwest, southwest and North China and other regions, there are still a lot of cover vacancies. Although the area of Hainan, the Yangtze River Basin, Fujian, Zhejiang and Hainan, the area of nature reserves is not. There is no full coverage of the key areas, but after the superposition of the other four forms of protection, the key areas distributed in these areas are almost completely covered and the biodiversity is well protected. The key areas in Yunnan, Sichuan, Gansu and Guangxi are protected by different forms of protection in different forms, and the distribution of protected areas is more divided. Scattered, small area. Xinjiang, northeast, Inner Mongolia key areas of a small area of protected areas, Forest Park, Geopark and Wetland Park protection, the various forms of protection are more scattered, but large area. The Wetland Park protection area is larger, the protection of biological diversity is greater. Half of the area of Qinghai's key areas is covered by natural reserves. The key areas of Tibet are almost unprotected.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北林業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：S759.9

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