發(fā)布時間：2018-05-08 21:49

  本文選題：測樹儀 + CMOS��； 參考：《北京林業(yè)大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：在森林資源調(diào)查中需要調(diào)查林分因子,從而了解森林資源的數(shù)量與質(zhì)量,以進(jìn)行林業(yè)規(guī)劃、設(shè)計和經(jīng)營。森林資源調(diào)查是一項費(fèi)時費(fèi)力的工作,使用傳統(tǒng)測量工具需要不同儀器來進(jìn)行測量,同時還受地形條件的限制。我國常用直徑測量方式為圍尺,但其無法測量上部直徑,并且在復(fù)雜環(huán)境下人難以行進(jìn)的地方也難以測量。測高儀器主要為布魯萊斯測高器,需測量水平距,受地形條件限制大,誤差較大。為快速精確進(jìn)行林木測量,開發(fā)設(shè)計了便攜式數(shù)字化智能測樹儀—Mini測樹儀。儀器由STM32F103VET6單片機(jī)、ov9655傳感器、LIS331DLTR傾角傳感器、鍵盤、LTTD240320022-L3-TF顯示屏模塊及其相關(guān)電路模塊等構(gòu)成。采用相位原理測距,測距的平均誤差為0.047m。在徑高同測模式下,利用攝像頭和CMOS傳感器對圖像進(jìn)行處理,實(shí)現(xiàn)樹徑的自動識別,再利用所測距離和傾角,實(shí)現(xiàn)高度、直徑同步測量。另外儀器還有測徑模式、測高模式、測距模式、傾角測量模式、面積計算模式。將C言語編寫的內(nèi)置代碼燒入單片機(jī)中,實(shí)現(xiàn)了各種測量,再配合后處理軟件,實(shí)現(xiàn)蓄積計算、林木分布圖出圖以及競爭指數(shù)的計算等功能,使得內(nèi)外業(yè)一體化。通過在北京的奧林匹克森林公園、鷲峰以及福建省連城縣朋口鎮(zhèn)進(jìn)行了應(yīng)用和精度驗(yàn)證,本研究主要內(nèi)容和成果如下：(1)實(shí)現(xiàn)樹木直徑的自動判別和測量直徑自動測量方面通過攝像頭和CMOS傳感器獲得圖像,經(jīng)灰度轉(zhuǎn)換后,使用窗口大小為5的高斯逆波器進(jìn)行平滑、非極大值剔除、雙閥值的邊緣連接等一系列Canny算法,提取邊緣。在提取的邊緣圖像基礎(chǔ)上,設(shè)計了樹木直徑自動提取算法,再通過焦距、物距、像距和像素大小之間的關(guān)系計算出樹干直徑。選擇了不同樹木進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證,實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明樹干識別的精度為87.9%,樹徑測量的自動化程度高,所測樹干直徑值一半以上誤差在5%以內(nèi),大部分測量數(shù)據(jù)符合森林資源調(diào)查需求。在自動識別與測量的基礎(chǔ)上加入手動調(diào)節(jié)功能,對識別效果不好的進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)從而提高樹木直徑測量的精度。本儀器解決了給定高度處的直徑測量,即實(shí)現(xiàn)樹高、直徑同步測量,特別是胸徑地測量。徑高同步測量主要通過激光測距傳感器、傾角傳感器和樹徑測量功能來實(shí)現(xiàn)。對上部直徑進(jìn)行測量驗(yàn)證,對于高20m以上的樹,Mini測樹儀的誤差從高度上說,隨著樹高的增加而增加,1-5m處最小誤差為0.37cm,5-10m為0.56cm,10-15m為0.58cm,15-20m為0.58cm,20m以上為0.83cm。而從距離上看,誤差小的一般在最后兩個距離段區(qū)間內(nèi)。13m以下樹木測量中,Mini測樹儀1-2m處最小誤差為0.15cm,2-3m處最小誤差為0.22cm,3-5m為0.46cm,5-8m為0.54cm,8-13m為0.57cm。對于上部直徑被遮擋的情況,使用削度方程進(jìn)行估算,只需測量胸徑,然后就可獲得所需高度處的直徑。使用曾偉生(1997)和Mei(2015)的削度方程進(jìn)行了擬合,得到曾偉生的精度高,相對誤差在9%內(nèi),而Mei的誤差較大。(2)實(shí)現(xiàn)樹高的快速方便測量。樹高測量方面,基于三角函數(shù)的測高主要使用測距儀、傾角傳感器實(shí)現(xiàn)。CMOS傳感器測高主要由RGB至HIS的轉(zhuǎn)換、樹干細(xì)化、投影變換、投影重建等步驟實(shí)現(xiàn)。在高度測量方面,對于胸高處的測量,最大誤差為0.012m,平均誤差為1.298×10-3m。對不同傾角進(jìn)行樹高測量,得到：35°-60°之間所測樹高相對誤差幾乎都在5%以內(nèi)。大于60°和小于35°的誤差較大,60°以上測量的平均相對誤差為10.43%,35°-60°的相對誤差為2.53%,0°-35°的相對誤差為5.65%,可知在35°-60°間測量樹高能準(zhǔn)確的測出樹高。(3)實(shí)現(xiàn)林地和林分的各種測量由Mini測樹儀的各種功能實(shí)現(xiàn)冠幅測量、立木體積測量、郁閉度測量、數(shù)字角規(guī)測量、圓形樣地測量、中心樹N邊行樣地法測量、競爭指標(biāo)測量等。其中數(shù)字角規(guī)測量實(shí)現(xiàn)了林分蓄積、株數(shù)密度測量等。在林地和林分因子測量方面,對于冠幅的測量,將Mini測樹儀和皮尺測量值作對比,兩者的絕對誤差最大的為0.494m,RMSE為0.283m,精度為96.6%。立木體積測量,一共測量了82棵樹的立木體積,Mini測樹儀與卡尺所測最大誤差為13.34%。數(shù)字角規(guī)測量方面,人工林的精度高,其中第五塊樣地4.8系數(shù)精度最大,比實(shí)際多了25棵,相對誤差為1.7%。其次為第一樣地的系數(shù)1,相對誤差為3.7%,其他誤差都在10%以上。而天然林更復(fù)雜,內(nèi)部情況不一,誤差在20%-40%間,誤差高。數(shù)字角規(guī)的蓄積測量絕對誤差最大值為19.02m3,最小誤差為1.19m3。
[Abstract]:Forest Resource Survey needs to be investigated in order to understand the quantity and quality of forest resources so as to carry out forestry planning, design and management. Forest resource investigation is a time-consuming and laborious work. The use of traditional measuring tools is required by different instruments to measure and be restricted by the terrain conditions. But it can't measure the upper diameter, and it is difficult to measure the place where people can't walk in the complex environment. The height measuring instrument is mainly the Blus altimetry. It needs to measure the horizontal distance, the terrain conditions are limited and the error is large. The portable digital intelligent tree measuring instrument, Mini, is developed and designed for fast and accurate forest tree measurement. The instrument is composed of STM32F103VET6 single chip, OV9655 sensor, LIS331DLTR tilt sensor, keyboard, LTTD240320022-L3-TF display module and its related circuit modules. The average error of distance measurement is 0.047m. in the same measurement mode of height and height, and the image is processed by using the camera and CMOS sensor. The height and diameter of the tree are automatically identified, and the height and diameter are synchronized. In addition, the diameter measurement mode, the height measurement mode, the distance measurement mode, the angle measurement mode and the area calculation mode are used. The built-in code compiled by the C language is burned into the single chip microcomputer, and the measurement is realized, and the post processing software is combined with the storage calculation, and forest calculation is realized. The functions of the wood distribution map and the calculation of the competition index make the internal and external integration. The main contents and results of this study are as follows: (1) the automatic measurement of the diameter of trees and the measurement of the diameter of the tree are realized by the application and precision verification of the jiukou town in Beijing's Olympic, Jiufeng and Liancheng County of Fujian province. The image is obtained through the camera and CMOS sensor. After the gray scale conversion, a series of Canny algorithms, such as the Gauss inverse wave device with the size of 5, are used for smoothing, non maximum elimination and double threshold edge connection, and a series of Canny algorithms are used to extract the edges. The relationship between distance and pixel size is calculated. Different trees are selected to verify the tree trunk. The experimental results show that the accuracy of tree trunk recognition is 87.9%, the automation of tree diameter measurement is high and the diameter of tree trunk is less than 5%. Most of the measured data conform to the demand of forest resources investigation. On the basis of the manual adjustment function, the accuracy of the measurement of tree diameter is improved by adjusting the poor recognition effect. The instrument solves the measurement of diameter at a given height, that is, the height of the tree, the measurement of diameter synchronously, especially the diameter of the chest. The diameter height synchronization measurement is mainly through the laser range sensor, the tilt sensor and the tree diameter. Measure the function to realize. To measure the upper diameter, for the tree above 20m, the error of the Mini tree measuring instrument is from height, with the increase of tree height, the minimum error of 1-5m is 0.37cm, 5-10m is 0.56cm, 10-15m is 0.58cm, 15-20m is 0.58cm, 20m above is 0.83cm. and the small error is generally in the last two In the measurement of trees below.13m in the range section, the minimum error of the Mini tree measuring instrument at 1-2m is 0.15cm, the minimum error at 2-3m is 0.22cm, 3-5M is 0.46cm, and 5-8m is 0.54cm. The 8-13m is the case of the upper diameter of the 0.57cm., using the sharpening equation to estimate only the diameter of the chest, then the diameter of the required height is obtained. Used once. The sharpening equation of Weisheng (1997) and Mei (2015) is fitted, and the accuracy of Ceng Weisheng is high, the relative error is within 9%, and the error of Mei is larger. (2) the rapid and convenient measurement of tree height. The height measurement of the tree is mainly based on the trigonometric function, and the tilt sensor realizes the conversion of the.CMOS sensor mainly from RGB to HIS. In the height measurement, the maximum error is 0.012m, the average error is 1.298 x 10-3m. for the tree height measurement of different dip angles, and the relative error between 35 degrees -60 degrees is almost 5%. The error is greater than 60 and less than 35 degrees, and the error is larger, 60 degrees. The average relative error of the above measurement is 10.43%, the relative error of 35 degree -60 degree is 2.53% and the relative error of 0 degree -35 degree is 5.65%. It is known that the high energy and accurate tree height of the tree is measured between 35 degrees -60 degrees. (3) the various functions of the woodland and forest are measured by various functions of the Mini tree measuring instrument, the volume measurement of the tree, the measurement of the canopy density and the digital angle. Measurement, circular sample land measurement, Center tree N edge sampling method measurement, competition index measurement, etc. in which the digital angle gauge realizes the stand accumulation, plant number density measurement and so on. In the forest and stand factor measurement, the measurement of the crown width, the Mini tree meter and the measuring value of the ruler are compared, the absolute error of the two is 0.494m, RMSE For 0.283m, a total of 82 trees was measured by 96.6%. volume measurement. The maximum error of 82 trees was measured. The maximum error measured by the Mini tree meter and caliper was the 13.34%. digital angle gauge. The accuracy of the plantation was high, of which the 4.8 coefficients of the fifth plots were the largest, and 25 were more than the actual, and the relative error was the second factor of the second coefficient 1. The error is 3.7% and the other errors are above 10%. While the natural forest is more complex, the internal situation is different, the error is in the 20%-40%, the error is high. The maximum error of the digital angle gauge is 19.02m3, and the minimum error is 1.19m3.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京林業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：S758.7

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