發(fā)布時間：2018-05-10 17:42

  本文選題：保護(hù)性耕作 + Meta分析　； 參考：《中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：保護(hù)性耕作具有保土、保水、培肥、省工、省時等優(yōu)點,在全球范圍內(nèi)得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用和推廣。因其生態(tài)服務(wù)功能,保護(hù)性耕作被認(rèn)為是緩解氣候變化的一項重要的策略,但不同研究中保護(hù)性耕作對土壤固碳、溫室氣體排放和作物產(chǎn)量影響的結(jié)果仍存在較大差異。因此,在大尺度上探明保護(hù)性耕作的土壤固碳減排及作物產(chǎn)量效應(yīng),對于我國保護(hù)性耕作的發(fā)展具有重要的意義。本研究基于我國2016年以前公開發(fā)表的200多篇關(guān)于保護(hù)性耕作措施下土壤碳、溫室氣體排放、作物產(chǎn)量變化的文獻(xiàn),應(yīng)用Meta分析系統(tǒng)評價了我國不同耕作措施(翻耕秸稈不還田,PT0;翻耕秸稈還田PTR;免耕秸稈不還田,NT0;免耕秸稈還田,NTR)下土壤有機(jī)碳含量及儲量、溫室氣體排放(CH4和N2O)、作物產(chǎn)量的變化及其影響因素,并估算了我國NTR的固碳潛力以及對糧食生產(chǎn)的影響,取得了以下主要結(jié)果:(1)與PT0相比,NT0和NTR的全土層土壤有機(jī)碳含量分別顯著提高了 5.5%和8.2%,全土層土壤有機(jī)碳儲量分別顯著提高了 4.0%和8.1%(P0.05);而與PTR相比,NTR有機(jī)碳含量及儲量分別顯著提高了 4.7%和6.8%(P0.05)。秸稈還田增強(qiáng)了免耕的固碳效果,但NTR提高土壤有機(jī)碳含量及儲量多限于0~(-1)0 cm 土層。進(jìn)一步對固碳效應(yīng)影響因素分析的結(jié)果表明,較高的土壤pH值、避免過高的土壤水分和溫度、以及長期連續(xù)應(yīng)用NTR,可以增強(qiáng)NTR固碳效果。(2)與PT0相比,NT0顯著降低了 30.0%在稻田中CH4的排放;NTR分別顯著增加了 82.1%、25.5%和20.8%在稻田、酸性土壤及其應(yīng)用初期(5年內(nèi))中N20的排放(P0.05)。采用NTR導(dǎo)致N2O排放增加,在一定程度上抵消了因CH4減排對緩解氣候變化的貢獻(xiàn)。在旱地條件下,與PT0相比,NT0表現(xiàn)出一定促進(jìn)CH4吸收效果;NTR表現(xiàn)出減少N2O排放趨勢。對溫室氣體排放影響因素分析的結(jié)果表明,在NT0和NTR下,合理施肥、避免過高的土壤濕度和延長應(yīng)用年限能夠增強(qiáng)其減排效果。(3)一般情況下,NT0會導(dǎo)致作物產(chǎn)量降低,但如配以秸稈還田,NTR則具有一定的增產(chǎn)效應(yīng)。研究結(jié)果表明,與PT0相比,NTR能顯著增產(chǎn)4.6%(P0.05),特別是在連續(xù)應(yīng)用免耕10年以上,產(chǎn)量顯著提高21.3%(P0.05)。土壤質(zhì)量(有機(jī)碳含量、收獲期土壤儲水量、有效氮、有效鉀)的提高是NTR下作物產(chǎn)量增加的主要原因。同時,在水稻、小麥等作物上、相對溫暖的區(qū)域、干旱或較濕潤的區(qū)域、弱堿性土壤、中等肥力土壤及合理施氮等條件下使用NTR,增產(chǎn)效果更為明顯。(4)對全國保護(hù)性耕作固碳速率與潛力分析的結(jié)果表明,與PT0相比,NTR全國平均固碳速率為0.52 Mg C hm2 yr~(-1)。在當(dāng)前應(yīng)用規(guī)模下,NTR的土壤有機(jī)碳全國固碳量為5.73 Tg C yr~(-1),最大固碳潛力為45.10 Tg C yr~(-1);綜合其溫室氣體的減排效應(yīng),NTR總固碳量可以增加到5.91 Tg Cyr~(-1)。全面實施NTR條件下,我國農(nóng)田土壤總固碳潛力為48.93 TgCyr~(-1)同時,我國主要糧食作物(小麥、水稻和玉米)的總產(chǎn)量可以提高0.3～4.3%。
[Abstract]:Conservation tillage has been widely used and popularized in the world because of its advantages of soil conservation, water conservation, fertilizer cultivation, labor saving and time saving. Because of its ecological service function, conservation tillage is considered as an important strategy to mitigate climate change. However, the effects of conservation tillage on soil carbon sequestration, greenhouse gas emissions and crop yield are still quite different in different studies. Therefore, it is of great significance for the development of conservation tillage in China to investigate the soil carbon sequestration emission reduction and crop yield effect of conservation tillage on a large scale. This study is based on more than 200 articles published in China before 2016 on soil carbon, greenhouse gas emissions, crop yield changes under conservation tillage practices. Meta analysis system was used to evaluate the soil organic carbon content and reserves under different tillage measures (tillage straw not returning to field PT0, tillage straw returning field PTR, no-tillage straw returning to field NT0, no-tillage straw returning to field), and soil organic carbon content and reserves. Carbon sequestration potential of NTR in China and its effect on grain production were estimated. The main results are as follows: (1) compared with PT0, the soil organic carbon content of NT0 and NTR increased by 5.5% and 8.2%, respectively, and the soil organic carbon storage increased significantly by 4.0% and 8.1%, respectively, and compared with PTR, the organic carbon content of the whole soil layer increased significantly by 5.0% and 8.2%, respectively, and compared with that of PTR, the organic carbon content of the whole soil layer was increased significantly by 4.0% and 8.1%, respectively. The volume and reserves increased by 4.7% and 6.8% respectively. Straw returning to the field enhanced the carbon sequestration effect of no-tillage, but the increase of soil organic carbon content and storage by NTR was limited to 0 ~ (10) ~ (-1) cm soil layer. The results of further analysis on the influencing factors of carbon sequestration effect show that higher soil pH value can avoid excessive soil moisture and temperature. Compared with PT0, the carbon sequestration effect of NTR was significantly decreased by 30.0%, and the emission of CH4 increased significantly by 82.1% and 20.8% in paddy field, respectively, and in acidic soil and its initial application (within 5 years), the emission of N20 was increased significantly by P0.055.The results showed that the carbon sequestration effect of NTR was increased by 30.0% in comparison with that of PT0, and that in rice field was significantly increased by 82.1% and 20.8%, respectively. The introduction of NTR resulted in an increase in N2O emissions, which to some extent offset the contribution of CH4 emission reductions to climate change mitigation. Under dry land conditions, compared with PT0, NT0 can promote the absorption of CH4 and reduce N2O emission. The results of analysis on the factors affecting greenhouse gas emissions showed that under NT0 and NTR, reasonable fertilization, avoiding excessive soil moisture and prolonging the application years could enhance the emission reduction effect. However, if the straw was returned to the field with NTR, it had a certain effect of increasing yield. The results showed that compared with PT0, it could significantly increase the yield of P0.05N, especially in the continuous application of no-tillage for more than 10 years. The improvement of soil quality (organic carbon content, soil water storage, available nitrogen, available potassium) is the main reason for the increase of crop yield under NTR. At the same time, on crops such as rice, wheat, relatively warm areas, arid or humid areas, weak alkaline soils, The results showed that the average carbon sequestration rate of PT0 was 0.52 mg C hm2 YR-1 compared with that of PT0. Under the current application scale, the national carbon sequestration of soil organic carbon of NTR is 5.73 Tg C yrr ~ (-1), and the maximum carbon sequestration potential is 45.10 Tg C ~ (YR) ~ (-1), and the total carbon sequestration of NTR can be increased to 5.91 TG Cyr-1 by synthesizing its greenhouse gas emission reduction effect. Under the condition of full implementation of NTR, the total carbon sequestration potential of farmland soil in China was 48.93 TgCyrc-1). At the same time, the total yield of main grain crops (wheat, rice and maize) could be increased by 0.3% and 4.3%.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S154.1

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