發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-05-15 20:12

  本文選題：秸稈生物反應(yīng)堆 + 堆肥　； 參考：《中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：淡水資源緊缺是制約寧夏設(shè)施蔬菜產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展和影響農(nóng)民增收的突出問(wèn)題,而采用微咸水灌溉是緩解寧夏農(nóng)用淡水資源危機(jī)的重要途徑之一。但是,微咸水灌溉下作物因受土壤鹽分脅迫而容易減產(chǎn)。因此,如何緩解作物鹽脅迫并提高作物產(chǎn)量是微咸水可持續(xù)利用的前提。為了緩解微咸水灌溉引起的作物鹽脅迫,本論文探究了微咸水灌溉下表層(0-20cm)土壤增施堆肥、底層(20-40cm)土壤應(yīng)用秸稈生物反應(yīng)堆對(duì)設(shè)施黃瓜土壤環(huán)境和作物生長(zhǎng)的影響。主要結(jié)果如下：(1)與淡水灌溉相比,微咸水灌溉顯著降低了根層(0-40cm)土壤含水量,增加了根層Na鹽累積并提高了土壤pH,從而限制了土壤中養(yǎng)分的有效性。但是,在微咸水灌溉下,堆肥和秸稈生物反應(yīng)堆通過(guò)增加土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)提升了根層土壤的持水力,改善了土壤孔隙度并增強(qiáng)了Na鹽淋洗。此外,這兩種土壤改良措施有效地降低了土壤pH并增加了無(wú)機(jī)氮、有效鉀和有效磷含量。(2)與淡水灌溉相比,微咸水灌溉顯著減少了根層土壤可培養(yǎng)微生物(特別是細(xì)菌)數(shù)量,降低了細(xì)菌多樣性及秋冬茬氨基酸類和胺類碳源利用率；但是,在微咸水灌溉下,堆肥和秸稈生物反應(yīng)堆有效阻控了上述微生物環(huán)境惡化。(3)與淡水灌溉相比,微咸水灌溉顯著降低了植株K+/Na+比值,并抑制了作物NPK養(yǎng)分吸收。但是,在微咸水灌溉下,堆肥和秸稈生物反應(yīng)堆均不同程度地增加了植株K+/Na+比值并促進(jìn)了養(yǎng)分吸收。此外,秸稈生物反應(yīng)堆對(duì)微咸水灌溉下植株K+/Na+比值增加幅度要顯著高于堆肥；堆肥主要促進(jìn)植株吸收N和K,而秸稈生物反應(yīng)堆主要促進(jìn)植株吸收P。(4)與淡水灌溉相比,微咸水灌溉顯著降低了秋冬茬葉片胞間CO2濃度、蒸騰速率和凈光合速率,并減少了所有種植茬口植株生物量和果實(shí)產(chǎn)量。但是,堆肥和秸稈生物反應(yīng)堆有效阻控了微咸水灌溉對(duì)作物生長(zhǎng)的不利影響。此外,微咸水灌溉使得前兩個(gè)種植茬口果實(shí)內(nèi)可溶性固形物、糖等物質(zhì)含量有所降低,而在后兩個(gè)種植茬口則升高。(5)在改善土壤環(huán)境和作物生長(zhǎng)方面,對(duì)于多數(shù)指標(biāo)而言,堆肥和秸稈生物反應(yīng)堆配套措施并沒(méi)有表現(xiàn)出明顯的加和效應(yīng)。此外,隨微咸水灌溉時(shí)間增加(連續(xù)四茬),三種土壤改良措施對(duì)黃瓜生長(zhǎng)的緩解作用逐漸減弱。上述結(jié)果表明,對(duì)于短期(2年4茬)種植而言,土壤增施堆肥和應(yīng)用秸稈生物反應(yīng)堆有利于緩解微咸水灌溉引起的作物鹽脅迫并維持產(chǎn)量。但是,對(duì)實(shí)際生產(chǎn)而言,建議從第四茬開(kāi)始,采用微咸水與淡水輪灌,并配套使用堆肥和秸稈生物反應(yīng)堆改良措施減少淡水灌溉的次數(shù)。
[Abstract]:The shortage of fresh water resources is a prominent problem that restricts the development of facility vegetable industry in Ningxia and affects farmers' income, and the use of brackish water irrigation is one of the important ways to alleviate the crisis of agricultural freshwater resources in Ningxia. However, crops under brackish water irrigation are prone to yield reduction due to soil salt stress. Therefore, how to alleviate crop salt stress and increase crop yield is the premise of sustainable use of brackish water. In order to alleviate crop salt stress caused by brackish water irrigation, this paper investigated the effects of increasing compost application on surface layer (0-20 cm) and straw bioreactor (20 ~ 40 cm) on soil environment and crop growth of cucumber under brackish water irrigation. The main results were as follows: (1) compared with fresh water irrigation, brackish water irrigation significantly reduced the soil moisture content, increased the accumulation of Na salt in the root layer and increased the pH value of the soil, thus limiting the availability of nutrients in the soil. However, under brackish water irrigation, compost and straw bioreactor increased soil organic matter holding capacity, improved soil porosity and enhanced Na salt leaching. In addition, these two soil improvement measures effectively reduced soil pH and increased inorganic nitrogen, available potassium and available phosphorus contents.) compared with fresh water irrigation, brackish water irrigation significantly reduced the number of culturable microbes (especially bacteria) in root soil. The bacterial diversity and the utilization efficiency of amino acids and amines in autumn and winter stubble were decreased, but under brackish water irrigation, compost and straw bioreactor effectively controlled the deterioration of microbial environment. Brackish water irrigation significantly reduced K / Na ratio and inhibited NPK nutrient uptake. However, under brackish water irrigation, both compost and straw bioreactor increased K / Na ratio and nutrient uptake in different degrees. In addition, the K / Na ratio of straw bioreactor was significantly higher than that of compost under brackish water irrigation, and compost mainly promoted uptake of N and K, while straw bioreactor mainly promoted uptake of P.t4) compared with fresh water irrigation. Brackish water irrigation significantly decreased the intercellular CO2 concentration, transpiration rate and net photosynthetic rate of leaves in autumn and winter stubble, and also decreased the biomass and fruit yield of all crop crops. However, composting and straw bioreactor effectively controlled the adverse effects of brackish water irrigation on crop growth. In addition, brackish water irrigation reduced the contents of soluble solids and sugars in the first two crop crops, but increased in the latter two crops. Compost and straw biological reactor supporting measures did not show a significant additive effect. In addition, with the increase of irrigation time of brackish water (four crops in succession), the mitigation effect of three soil improvement measures on cucumber growth was gradually weakened. The results indicated that for short-term (2 years and 4 crop) planting, the application of soil compost and straw bioreactor could alleviate salt stress caused by brackish water irrigation and maintain yield. However, for practical production, it is suggested that the rotation irrigation of brackish water and fresh water should be adopted from the fourth crop, and the improvement measures of compost and straw biological reactor should be used to reduce the frequency of fresh water irrigation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：S626;S642.2

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