發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-05-26 16:02

  本文選題：井式灌溉 + 灰棗樹��； 參考：《新疆農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：灌溉農(nóng)業(yè)是干旱區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的典型特征,發(fā)展節(jié)水灌溉在農(nóng)林業(yè)、生態(tài)建設(shè)體系建設(shè)中具有極其重要的地位,有效、精準(zhǔn)、節(jié)水是灌溉發(fā)展的必然趨勢。截止到2015年,新疆特色林果業(yè)種植面積已達(dá)近2300萬畝,棗樹種植面積已突破700萬畝,成為了新疆特色林果業(yè)的第一大栽培樹種,新疆棗樹主要分布在環(huán)塔里木盆地的干旱和極端干旱區(qū)。目前新疆棗樹的灌溉方式主要以漫灌、溝灌、滴灌(幼樹)為主,隨著社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,灌溉節(jié)水要求的提高,地面滴灌面積逐漸增加,但是目前滴灌技術(shù)無法實(shí)現(xiàn)中徑級(jí)、大徑級(jí)灰棗樹的節(jié)水灌溉,特別是無法實(shí)現(xiàn)有效、精準(zhǔn)、節(jié)水,在灌溉的大量研究中,地下滲灌這種灌溉方式是國內(nèi)外當(dāng)前追求的一種最為有效、精準(zhǔn)、節(jié)水的灌溉方式,當(dāng)前國內(nèi)上沒有大面積應(yīng)用的地下滲灌成熟技術(shù)和配套設(shè)備。在這一背景下如何通過地下滲灌來提高新疆地區(qū)中、大徑級(jí)灰棗樹灌溉水有效利用率,充分實(shí)現(xiàn)利用有限水資源進(jìn)行科學(xué)灌溉,已成為當(dāng)?shù)丶t棗產(chǎn)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中急需解決的問題。針對新疆特色林果業(yè)生產(chǎn)發(fā)展中面臨水資源緊缺的現(xiàn)實(shí),本論文以國家公益性行業(yè)專項(xiàng)項(xiàng)目——“紅棗有效、精準(zhǔn)、節(jié)水灌溉技術(shù)研究”為依托,借助該項(xiàng)目組發(fā)明的“林木井式灌溉方法”、“林木井式節(jié)水用豎井管”以及“林木節(jié)水灌溉用豎井管管蓋”等系列國家專利。在新疆林業(yè)科學(xué)院佳木試驗(yàn)站紅棗示范園內(nèi)開展中、大徑級(jí)灰棗樹井式高效節(jié)水灌溉機(jī)理研究的系列大田試驗(yàn),通過對中徑級(jí)和大徑級(jí)灰棗樹根系分布特征、不同滴頭流量和灌水歷時(shí)下井灌過程中水分運(yùn)移特征、井灌過程中灰棗樹光合特性、灰棗樹體莖流特性以及井灌后地表蒸發(fā)規(guī)律等進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)研究,并通過對比常規(guī)大田漫灌下與井式灌溉下灰棗的果實(shí)產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì),進(jìn)一步證實(shí)井式灌溉對果實(shí)產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)的利弊影響,取得了以下成果:(1)通過中、大徑級(jí)灰棗樹根系挖掘試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn):中徑級(jí)灰棗樹吸收根系在水平距離0~400cm、垂直距離10~160cm區(qū)間內(nèi)均有分布,在水平方向距離樹干越近吸收根分布密度等值線越密集;根長密度、根表面積密度均與水平、垂直距離呈冪函數(shù)關(guān)系,R2大于0.94;中徑級(jí)灰棗樹水平方向上根系分布主要區(qū)域(根系累積百分比70~80%)集中在:0~125cm,垂直方向上根系主要分布區(qū)域(根系累積百分比70~80%)集中在:10cm~70cm。大徑級(jí)灰棗樹吸收根系在水平距離0~450cm、垂直距離10~160cm區(qū)間內(nèi)也均有分布;根長密度、根表面積密度同樣與水平、垂直距離呈冪函數(shù)關(guān)系,且r2大于0.81;大徑級(jí)灰棗樹水平方向上根系分布主要區(qū)域(根系累積百分比70~80%)集中在:0~150cm,垂直方向上根系分布主要分布區(qū)域(根系累積百分比70~80%)集中在:10cm~90cm。(2)空白地單豎井管井式灌溉試驗(yàn)為研究中、大徑級(jí)灰棗樹下井式灌溉提供了理論依據(jù),結(jié)合中、大徑級(jí)灰棗樹根系分布特征,確定出井式灌溉在中徑級(jí)灰棗樹井灌試驗(yàn)過程中選擇雙井管,滴頭流量設(shè)定為8l/h、12l/h,灌水歷時(shí)為8h、12h、16h;大徑級(jí)灰棗樹井灌試驗(yàn)過程中選擇四個(gè)井管,頭流量設(shè)定為8l/h、12l/h,灌水歷時(shí)為6、8、10、12h。(3)通過三年的中徑級(jí)灰棗樹下雙管井式灌溉大田原位沙壤土水分運(yùn)移規(guī)律試驗(yàn),得出適宜中徑級(jí)灰棗樹井式灌溉的滴頭流量與灌水歷時(shí)分別為滴頭流量8l/h、灌水歷時(shí)16h;滴頭流量為12l/h、灌水歷時(shí)為12、16h。由于井式灌溉采用常規(guī)滴灌用穩(wěn)流器,穩(wěn)流器在長期的使用過程中,導(dǎo)致內(nèi)部出現(xiàn)損傷后一定程度上會(huì)增加或減少流量,因此在選用穩(wěn)流器時(shí),滿足林木需水同時(shí)盡可能選擇小滴量穩(wěn)流器,因此在井式灌溉實(shí)際應(yīng)用過程中選用滴頭流量8l/h、灌水歷時(shí)16h為試驗(yàn)對象。(4)通過三年的大徑級(jí)灰棗樹下四管井式灌溉大田原位沙壤土水分運(yùn)移規(guī)律試驗(yàn),得出適宜大徑級(jí)灰棗樹井式灌溉的滴頭流量為8l/h時(shí)、灌水歷時(shí)為12h;滴頭流量為12l/h時(shí)、灌水歷時(shí)為10、12h。同樣在選用穩(wěn)流器時(shí),本著有效保證土壤含水率穩(wěn)定以及高效節(jié)水的理念,在井式灌溉實(shí)際應(yīng)用過程中選用滴頭流量12l/h、灌水歷時(shí)12h為試驗(yàn)對象。(5)井式灌溉下中、大徑級(jí)灰棗樹各個(gè)光合參數(shù)均在膨大期、坐果期、成熟期、開花期較大,中徑級(jí)灰棗樹通過井式灌溉后對各個(gè)生育期光合特性的影響不大,較漫灌而言灌溉總量(井式灌溉)減小,并沒有使中徑級(jí)灰棗樹出現(xiàn)干旱脅迫。由井式灌溉與漫灌下中、大徑級(jí)灰棗樹光合特性參數(shù)日均值,可知,中徑級(jí)灰棗樹在井式灌溉與漫灌條件下pn、gs存在顯著差異(p0.01),ci、tr、wue均無顯著差異。大徑級(jí)灰棗在井式灌溉與漫灌下僅pn存在顯著差異(p0.01),井式灌溉下pn較漫灌要高出11.6%,其余光合特性參數(shù)均無顯著差異。(6)井式灌溉下中、大徑級(jí)灰棗樹的耗水量均大于漫灌條件下,井式灌溉下單株中徑級(jí)灰棗樹一個(gè)生長季耗水為4.68 m3,中徑級(jí)灰棗樹每畝按照83株計(jì)算,井式灌溉下中徑級(jí)灰棗樹每畝耗水為388.44 m3;大田漫灌下單株中徑級(jí)灰棗樹一個(gè)生長季耗水為4.36 m3,中徑級(jí)灰棗樹每畝按照83株計(jì)算,大田漫灌下中徑級(jí)灰棗樹每畝耗水為362m3。井式灌溉下單株大徑級(jí)灰棗樹一個(gè)生長季耗水為7.62 m3,大徑級(jí)灰棗樹每畝按照42株計(jì)算,井式灌溉下大徑級(jí)灰棗樹每畝耗水為320.04 m3;大田漫灌下單株大徑級(jí)灰棗樹一個(gè)生長季耗水為7.21 m3,大徑級(jí)灰棗樹每畝按照42株計(jì)算,大田漫灌下大徑級(jí)灰棗樹每畝耗水為302.82 m3�？梢�,全生長季井式灌溉下并未使中、大徑級(jí)灰棗樹耗水量降低,實(shí)施井式灌溉后并未影響到盛果期灰棗樹對土壤水分的利用效率。(7)井式灌溉下單株中徑級(jí)灰棗樹全生長季樹下地表蒸發(fā)量為1201.72 L/株,中徑級(jí)灰棗樹每畝83株計(jì)算,可得中徑級(jí)灰棗樹在井式灌溉下每畝地表蒸發(fā)量約為99.74m3;大田漫灌下單株中徑級(jí)灰棗樹全生長季樹下地表蒸發(fā)量為3368.04 L/株,中徑級(jí)灰棗樹每畝83株計(jì)算,可得中徑級(jí)灰棗樹在大田漫灌下每畝地表蒸發(fā)量約為279.55 m3。井式灌溉下單株大徑級(jí)灰棗樹全生長季地表蒸發(fā)量為4193.36 L/株,大徑級(jí)灰棗樹每畝42株計(jì)算,可得大徑級(jí)灰棗樹在井式灌溉下每畝地表蒸發(fā)量約為176.12 m3;大田漫灌下單株大徑級(jí)灰棗樹全生長季地表蒸發(fā)量為5777.38 L/株,大徑級(jí)灰棗樹每畝42株計(jì)算,可得大徑級(jí)灰棗樹在大田漫灌下每畝地表蒸發(fā)量約為242.65 m3。(8)中徑級(jí)灰棗樹經(jīng)過井式灌溉、常規(guī)漫灌、常規(guī)滴灌處理后,單株產(chǎn)量最高的為井式灌溉處理,單果最重的為常規(guī)漫灌,但二者無顯著性差異;大徑級(jí)灰棗樹經(jīng)過井式灌溉與常規(guī)漫灌處理后單株產(chǎn)量最高的同樣為井式灌溉處理,單果最重的同樣為常規(guī)漫灌,并且二者無顯著性差異。中、大徑級(jí)灰棗樹經(jīng)過井式灌溉處理后微量元素的含量較常規(guī)漫灌下差異不顯著,井式灌溉技術(shù)在中、大徑級(jí)灰棗樹實(shí)際應(yīng)用后,與常規(guī)大田漫灌相比果實(shí)產(chǎn)量以及果實(shí)品質(zhì)基本無較大差異。綜上所述,井式灌溉技術(shù)在中、大徑級(jí)灰棗樹應(yīng)用過程中不僅大大減少了灌溉總量、棵間地表蒸發(fā)量,而且還有效提高了水分利用效率,并且沒有減弱樹體光合作用以及對土壤水分吸收利用能力,井式灌溉下中、大徑級(jí)灰棗樹的果實(shí)產(chǎn)量以及果實(shí)品質(zhì)與常規(guī)漫灌下沒有明顯差異�？梢�,井式灌溉是一種新型的、行之有效的高效、精準(zhǔn)灌溉技術(shù)。
[Abstract]:Irrigation agriculture is a typical characteristic of agricultural development in arid area. It is very important to develop water-saving irrigation in agriculture, forestry and ecological construction system. Effective, accurate, water saving is the inevitable trend of irrigation development. By the end of 2015, the planting area of Xinjiang's characteristic forest and fruit industry has reached nearly 23 million mu, and the planting area of jujube trees has exceeded 7 million mu. Xinjiang jujube trees are mainly distributed in the arid and extreme arid regions of the Tarim basin for the first major cultivated tree species in the forest and fruit industry in Xinjiang. At present, the main irrigation methods of the jujube trees in Xinjiang are mainly flooding, furrow irrigation and drip irrigation (young trees). With the development of the social and economic development, the requirement for irrigation water saving is raised, and the area of the ground drip irrigation is gradually increased, but the area of the ground drip irrigation is increasing. Water saving irrigation of middle diameter and large diameter grey jujube trees can not be realized by the former drip irrigation technology. In particular, it is impossible to achieve effective, accurate and water-saving irrigation. Underground irrigation irrigation is the most effective, accurate and water-saving irrigation mode at home and abroad, and there is no large area of underground irrigation in China at present. In this context, under this background, how to improve the effective utilization rate of irrigation water in the large diameter grey jujube trees in Xinjiang area by subsurface infiltration irrigation and fully realize the scientific irrigation with limited water resources has become an urgent problem to be solved in the production of local red date industry. In view of the development of Xinjiang characteristic forest and fruit industry, the surface water is facing water. With the shortage of resources, this paper is based on the special project of national public welfare industry, "jujube effective, accurate and water-saving irrigation technology", with the help of the "forest well irrigation method" invented by the project group, "forest well type water saving shaft pipe" and "vertical shaft pipe cover for forest water saving irrigation". In the red date demonstration garden of Jiamu experimental station, Xinjiang Academy of forestry science, a series of field experiments on the mechanism of high efficiency and water-saving irrigation for large diameter grey jujube trees are carried out. The characteristics of the root distribution of the middle and large diameter grey date trees, the characteristics of the water movement in the process of well irrigation under the different dripper flow and the time of irrigation, and the grey date tree light in the process of well irrigation. The characteristics, the characteristics of the stem flow of the Chinese jujube tree and the law of surface evaporation after well irrigation were systematically studied, and the following results were obtained by comparing the fruit yield and quality of the conventional field irrigation and well type irrigation of the fruit, and the advantages and disadvantages of the fruit yield and quality were further confirmed: (1) the root of the large diameter grey jujube tree was adopted. The excavation experiment found that the middle diameter grey date tree absorbed roots in the horizontal distance 0~400cm and the vertical distance 10~160cm, the closer to the tree trunk, the more dense the density contour line was more close to the tree trunk; the root length density and the root surface area density were power function relation with the horizontal and vertical distance, R2 greater than 0.94; the middle diameter grade grey date tree level The main area of root distribution in the direction (root accumulation percentage 70~80%) concentrated in: 0~125cm, the main distribution area of root system in vertical direction (root accumulation percentage 70~80%) concentrated in: 10cm~70cm. large diameter grey date tree absorption root in horizontal distance 0~450cm, vertical distance 10~ 160cm also distribution; root length density, root surface area density The same with the level, the vertical distance is a power function relationship, and R2 is more than 0.81. The main root distribution area (root accumulation percentage 70~80%) in the horizontal direction of the large diameter grey date tree is concentrated in: 0~150cm, the main distribution area of root distribution in the vertical direction (the root cumulative percentage 70~80%) is concentrated in the 10cm~90cm. (2) blank single shaft well irrigation. The experiment provides a theoretical basis for the lower well irrigation of the large diameter grey date tree in the study. In combination with the distribution characteristics of the root distribution of the large diameter grey date tree, the selection of Shuangjing tube in the process of well irrigation in the middle diameter grade grey date tree is determined. The flow rate of the drop head is set to be 8l/h, 12l/h, and the irrigation calendar is 8h, 12h, 16h, and the large diameter grade grey date tree well irrigation test process. Four well pipes were selected and the head flow was set to 8l/h, 12l/h, and the irrigation time was 6,8,10,12h. (3) through the experiment on the water migration law of the two tube well irrigation field in situ sandy loam soil under the middle diameter grade of three years. It was concluded that the dripper flow rate and the irrigation time suitable for the middle diameter grade grey jujube well irrigation were 8l/h, 16h and dripper. The flow rate is 12l/h, the irrigation time is 12,16h. due to the conventional drip irrigation for well irrigation. The flow regulator will increase or reduce the flow to a certain extent after the internal damage in the long period of use. Therefore, when the stabilizer is used, the water requirement of the forest is satisfied and the constant flow regulator is selected as much as possible. Therefore, the well irrigation is used in the well type irrigation. In the actual application process, the dripper flow 8l/h is selected and the irrigation time 16h is the test object. (4) through the experiment of water migration of the four pipe irrigation field in situ sandy loam under the three year large diameter grey date tree, it is concluded that when the dripper flow rate is 8l/h, the irrigation time is 12h; when the drop head flow is 12l/h, the irrigation calendar is used. When 10,12h. is also used in the selection of stabilizer, in order to ensure the stability of soil water content and efficient water saving, the dripper flow 12l/h is selected in the practical application process of well irrigation, and the irrigation time 12h is the test object. (5) under well type irrigation, the photosynthetic parameters of the large diameter grade grey date trees are all in the expansion period, the fruit setting period, the maturity period and the flowering time. The medium diameter grade grey date tree has little effect on the photosynthetic characteristics of each growth period after well irrigation, and the total irrigation amount (well irrigation) is less than that of the flood irrigation, and the middle diameter grade grey date tree has no drought stress. There were significant differences between PN and GS (P0.01), CI, TR and WUE in well irrigation and flooding irrigation. There were significant differences in PN between well irrigation and flooding irrigation (P0.01), PN was 11.6% higher than that under well irrigation, and there was no significant difference in the other photosynthetic characteristics. (6) the water consumption of large diameter grey jujube trees under well irrigation. Under the condition of irrigation, one of the growth Ji Haoshui of Chinese jujube tree in the single plant under well type irrigation is 4.68 m3, and the medium diameter grey date tree per mu is calculated according to 83 plants. The water consumption of the middle diameter grade grey date tree per mu under well irrigation is 388.44 m3, and the water consumption of the medium diameter grade grey date tree under the field irrigation is 4.36 m3 in a growing season, and the middle diameter grade grey date tree per mu is 83 per mu. It is calculated that the water consumption of the middle diameter grey date tree per mu under the flood irrigation is 7.62 m3 for the growth of the single plant large diameter jujube tree under 362m3. well irrigation, and the large diameter grey date tree per mu is calculated according to 42 plants. The water consumption of the large diameter grey date tree under the well irrigation is 320.04 m3 per mu, and the one growth of the single plant large diameter grade grey date tree under the flood irrigation is 7 of 7 m3. .21 m3, the large diameter grey date tree per mu was calculated according to 42 plants. The water consumption of the large diameter grade grey date tree per mu under the flood irrigation was 302.82 m3. per mu. The water consumption of the large diameter grey date tree was not reduced under the full growing season well irrigation. After the well irrigation, the efficiency of the soil water utilization was not affected by the well irrigation. (7) single plant under well type irrigation. The evapotranspiration of the medium diameter grey date tree under the total growth season tree is 1201.72 L/, and the medium diameter grade grey date tree is calculated by 83 plants per mu. The surface evaporation of the middle diameter grey date tree is about 99.74m3 per mu under the well irrigation, and the surface evapotranspiration of the middle diameter grade grey date tree under the field irrigation is 3368.04 L/, and the middle diameter grade grey date tree is 83 plant per mu. The evapotranspiration of the surface evaporation of the middle diameter grey jujube tree per mu under the field irrigation is about 279.55 m3. well irrigation. The evaporation amount of the surface evaporation is 4193.36 L/, and the large diameter grey date tree is calculated by 42 plants per mu. The evapotranspiration of the large diameter grey jujube tree is about 176.12 m3 per mu under the well irrigation. The total growth season surface evaporation of single plant large diameter grey jujube tree is 5777.38 L/ plants and 42 plants per mu of large diameter grade grey date tree can be calculated. The surface evaporation of large diameter grey jujube tree is about 242.65 m3. (8) of medium diameter grade grey date tree under field irrigation, and the highest yield per plant is well irrigation area after conventional drip irrigation. There is no significant difference between the two ones, but there is no significant difference in the single fruit. The highest yield of the single plant after well irrigation and conventional flooding is the same as well irrigation. The heaviest single fruit is the same as the conventional flood irrigation, and there is no significant difference between the two. There is no significant difference in the content of the elements compared with that of the conventional flood irrigation. Well type irrigation technique is in the middle, and there is no significant difference between the fruit yield and the quality of the fruit after the practical application of the large diameter grade grey date tree. In this case, in the process of well irrigation, the total amount of irrigation is greatly reduced and the height of the tree is greatly reduced. It also improved the water use efficiency, and did not weaken the photosynthesis of the tree body and the ability to absorb and use the soil water. In the well irrigation, there was no obvious difference between the fruit yield and the quality of the large diameter grey jujube trees. Precision irrigation technology.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：新疆農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：S665.1

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