發(fā)布時間：2018-07-21 16:14

【摘要】：2009年《中華人民共和國食品安全法》（以下簡稱《食品安全法》）正式頒布，該法的根本目的在于保障食品安全。但是自《食品安全法》頒布以來，我國食品安全事件頻發(fā)的形勢并未得到根本性扭轉(zhuǎn)，反而有愈演愈烈的趨勢。筆者認(rèn)為我國《食品安全法》規(guī)定的懲戒制度效果不明顯，并未起到遏制違法行為發(fā)生，震懾社會成員的效果。違法者實(shí)施食品安全違法行為的根本目的是獲取違法利益，而《食品安全法》對違法行為的懲戒存在懲戒力度小、懲戒概率低等原因，造就了食品行業(yè)違法成本低、違法收益高的現(xiàn)象。要想切實(shí)改變我國食品安全事件頻發(fā)的現(xiàn)狀，唯有加大對食品安全違法行為的懲戒力度和懲戒概率，最大限度的降低違法收益，提高食品安全違法行為懲戒制度的實(shí)效性。本文正是從提高食品安全違法行為懲戒制度的實(shí)效性入手，分析現(xiàn)行立法對食品安全違法行為懲戒力度和懲戒概率方面存在的問題，并提出相應(yīng)的完善建議。 本文除引言和結(jié)語外，共三部分，約2萬字。 第一部分，食品安全違法行為懲戒的概述。首先，對食品安全、食品安全違法行為和食品安全違法行為懲戒等相關(guān)概念作出界定。其次，從《食品安全法》第9章和《中華人民共和國刑法》（以下簡稱《刑法》）對違法行為人法律責(zé)任的具體規(guī)定入手，分析食品安全違法行為人應(yīng)承擔(dān)的民事責(zé)任、行政責(zé)任和刑事責(zé)任。再次，提出食品安全違法行為懲戒的功能，即：遏制違法行為的再次發(fā)生；維護(hù)社會公共利益；維護(hù)正常的市場競爭秩序。最后，對影響懲戒效果的因素進(jìn)行分析。提出食品安全違法行為懲戒能否產(chǎn)生預(yù)期效果，主要取決于懲戒的力度和懲戒的概率。 第二部分，食品安全違法行為懲戒的現(xiàn)狀。從懲戒的力度和懲戒的概率兩方面分析當(dāng)前食品安全違法行為懲戒缺乏實(shí)效性的原因。首先，在懲戒的力度上存在以下問題：“十倍賠償制度”賠償數(shù)額過低、計(jì)算方式過于剛性；行政責(zé)任罰款數(shù)額不高，法律責(zé)任規(guī)定過于籠統(tǒng)，沒有區(qū)分故意和過失、慣犯和初犯、企業(yè)和個人；刑事責(zé)任自由刑量刑過輕，罰金處罰力度低，責(zé)任性質(zhì)定位不準(zhǔn)，處罰范圍過窄，資格刑缺失。其次，在懲戒的概率方面存在以下問題：監(jiān)管能力不足，主要表現(xiàn)在人力資源不足和檢驗(yàn)?zāi)芰Σ畹确矫�；監(jiān)管積極性不高，主要表現(xiàn)在監(jiān)管機(jī)關(guān)的職責(zé)劃分不清，行政處分缺乏制度性規(guī)定，欠缺適當(dāng)?shù)募畲胧?第三部分，提高食品安全違法行為懲戒實(shí)效性的建議。這部分基于第三部分提出的懲戒概率和懲戒力度存在的法律問題，提出相應(yīng)的完善建議。首先，在提高懲戒力度方面：一是確立以消費(fèi)者的實(shí)際損害為賠償數(shù)額的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，規(guī)定十倍賠償罰款的上下限額，確定較為靈活的賠償金計(jì)算方式等措施完善十倍賠償制度；二是通過對行政處罰做出階梯式的規(guī)定，加大行政案件的處罰力度，細(xì)化法律責(zé)任規(guī)定；三是規(guī)范食品安全犯罪的刑法規(guī)定，在刑法分則規(guī)定的危害公共安全類犯罪之下，專門設(shè)立一節(jié)——“危害食品安全罪”，將已有的生產(chǎn)、銷售不符合安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的食品罪和生產(chǎn)銷售有毒有害食品罪吸收進(jìn)來，同時加入對過失行為、預(yù)備行為和運(yùn)輸貯存等環(huán)節(jié)違法行為的處罰，增設(shè)對食品安全犯罪的資格刑規(guī)定，形成食品安全全方位的保護(hù)；四是建立食品安全強(qiáng)制保險(xiǎn)制度，緩解懲戒力度提高所造成的負(fù)面效應(yīng)。其次，在提高懲戒概率方面提出以下建議：通過提高監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)的人力資源配備和檢驗(yàn)?zāi)芰�，建立�?dú)立的食品安全檢驗(yàn)檢測中心，引入第三方監(jiān)管等措施提高監(jiān)管能力；通過完善食品安全行政問責(zé)制度、健全食品安全績效考核制度提高監(jiān)管積極性。
[Abstract]:In 2009 , the Food Security Law of the People ' s Republic of China ( hereinafter referred to as " Food Security Law " ) was promulgated formally . The fundamental purpose of this law is to guarantee the food safety . However , since the promulgation of the Food Security Law of the People ' s Republic of China , the situation in China ' s food security laws has not been reversed , and the effect of illegal earnings has been increased .

In addition to the introduction and conclusion , this paper consists of three parts , about 20,000 words .

In the first part , the author defines the relevant concepts such as food safety , illegal behaviors of food safety and the discipline of food safety violations . Secondly , the article analyses the civil liability , administrative responsibility and criminal responsibility of the person who violate the legal responsibility of the illegal person from Chapter 9 of the Food Security Law and the Criminal Law of the People ' s Republic of China ( hereinafter referred to as the Criminal Code ) .
To safeguard the public interests of the society ;
To maintain the normal market competition order . Finally , the factors that influence the disciplinary effect are analyzed . It is pointed out whether the punishment of food safety violation can produce the expected effect , which depends mainly on the strength of discipline and the probability of discipline .

In the second part , the present situation of the discipline of food safety violations is analyzed . The reasons for the lack of effectiveness are analyzed from two aspects : the strength of punishment and the probability of discipline . First , there are the following problems in the strength of punishment : the compensation amount of the " ten times compensation system " is too low and the calculation method is too rigid ;
The fine amount of the administrative responsibility is not high , the legal liability provisions are too general , and there is no distinction between intentional and negligent , habitual and primary offenders , enterprises and individuals ;
The penalty for free punishment of criminal responsibility is too light , the punishment of fine gold is low , the responsibility property is inaccurate , the punishment scope is too narrow , the qualification penalty is missing . Secondly , there are the following problems in the probability of punishment : insufficient supervision ability , mainly in the aspects of insufficient human resources and poor inspection ability ;
The enthusiasm of supervision is not high , mainly manifested in the division of responsibilities of the supervisory authority , the lack of institutional provisions for administrative sanctions , and the lack of appropriate incentives .

In the third part , the suggestion of improving the effectiveness of the disciplinary action of food safety violations is proposed . This part is based on the legal problems existing in the third part of disciplinary probability and disciplinary strength , and puts forward the corresponding improvement suggestions . First , in the aspect of improving the strength of punishment : firstly , to establish the criterion of judging the actual damage of the consumer as the compensation amount , the up - and - down limit of the compensation fine of ten times is established , and the more flexible compensation system is established .
Second , through the step - by - step provision for administrative punishment , the punishment of administrative cases should be strengthened and the legal liability provisions are refined ;
The third is to regulate the criminal law of food safety crime , under the crime of endangering public security under the provisions of the criminal law , a special section of " crimes against food safety " is established , the existing production and sale are not in conformity with the food crime of safety standard and the crime of producing and selling toxic and harmful food , meanwhile , the punishment for the illegal act , preparation behavior and transportation storage are added , so as to add the qualification punishment for the food safety crime , so as to form the comprehensive protection of food safety ;
The fourth is to establish the system of compulsory insurance for food safety and to alleviate the negative effects caused by the increase of disciplinary strength . Secondly , the following suggestions are put forward in order to improve the probability of corrections : by improving the human resources allocation and inspection ability of the supervisory organization , establishing an independent food safety inspection and testing center , introducing third - party supervision and other measures to improve the regulatory capacity ;
By improving the administrative accountability system of food safety , perfecting the system of performance assessment of food safety and improving the enthusiasm of supervision .
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：D922.16

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