發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-05-04 16:47

  本文選題：斜發(fā)沸石 + 能量調(diào)控灌溉　； 參考：《沈陽(yáng)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：水資源短缺、過(guò)度施肥以及氮肥面源污染正嚴(yán)重威脅著水稻生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)的可持續(xù)性和糧食安全。如何減少農(nóng)業(yè)水氮資源消耗,以最小的環(huán)境代價(jià)來(lái)確保糧食安全是人類當(dāng)前面臨的主要任務(wù),也是一個(gè)巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。能量調(diào)控灌溉是一種顯著水稻節(jié)水灌溉技術(shù),可顯著降低水資源消耗,提高水分生產(chǎn)率；而斜發(fā)沸石可增強(qiáng)土壤持水保肥能力和提高氮肥利用率,在不同土壤和多種旱作物上都得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。但斜發(fā)沸石在淹灌稻田環(huán)境下的研究不多,在能量調(diào)控灌溉下更不多見(jiàn)。因此,本研究將斜發(fā)沸石應(yīng)用到能量調(diào)控灌溉的水稻生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)當(dāng)中,通過(guò)能量調(diào)控灌溉來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)水稻節(jié)水,用斜發(fā)沸石來(lái)改善稻田表層土壤持水和保肥特性、優(yōu)化稻田水氮耦合效應(yīng),進(jìn)而實(shí)現(xiàn)水稻節(jié)水、節(jié)氮和高產(chǎn)栽培。采用裂-裂區(qū)大田試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì),研究了氮肥管理和沸石修補(bǔ)以及其交互作用對(duì)稻田土壤理化性質(zhì)、水稻生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育、干物質(zhì)積累、氮素積累、水稻產(chǎn)量和氮肥利用的影響,構(gòu)建了氮-沸石生產(chǎn)模型,闡明了斜發(fā)沸石對(duì)水稻增產(chǎn)、稻田節(jié)肥和提高氮素積累的機(jī)理；運(yùn)用蒸滲儀,采用裂-裂-裂區(qū)試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì),分析了灌溉模式、氮肥管理和沸石修補(bǔ)及其交互效應(yīng)對(duì)水稻生產(chǎn)、土壤氮?dú)堄唷⑺�氮資源消耗和利用率的影響,研究了斜發(fā)沸石對(duì)水、肥激勵(lì)機(jī)制和協(xié)同作用的影響及調(diào)控機(jī)理。本研究還從資源消耗角度對(duì)水稻生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了成本效益分析,提出了不同水、氮和沸石處理的最佳組合模式,并從碾磨、外觀、營(yíng)養(yǎng)、蒸煮和食味多重品質(zhì)角度評(píng)估了最佳組合模式的可行性。主要結(jié)論如下：(1)常規(guī)淹灌稻田增施斜發(fā)沸石(5～15 t·ha~(-1))能顯著提高土壤陽(yáng)離子交換量,提高土壤有效氮(20.6%-70.0%)和鉀(9.7%-30.7%),增強(qiáng)土壤肥力,但對(duì)土壤總氮和有機(jī)質(zhì)的影響不大。稻田增施斜發(fā)沸石顯著提高了地上總干物質(zhì)積累和總氮素提取,進(jìn)而顯著提高氮肥表觀利用率和農(nóng)藝?yán)�用率。從產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成角度來(lái)看,沸石增產(chǎn)是因?yàn)樾卑l(fā)沸石顯著提高水稻有效穗數(shù)；而有效穗數(shù)的提高是因?yàn)榈咎镌鍪┬卑l(fā)沸石在莖蘗動(dòng)態(tài)曲線下降過(guò)程降低了無(wú)效分蘗。施氮技術(shù)同沸石技術(shù)相結(jié)合,等效于緩釋肥,可延長(zhǎng)氮肥肥效,極顯著提高氮肥農(nóng)藝?yán)�用率和表觀利用率。(2)稻田應(yīng)用斜發(fā)沸石能顯著提高土壤含水量,增強(qiáng)土壤的持水能力和保水能力。土壤基質(zhì)勢(shì)在-35～0 kPa范圍內(nèi),斜發(fā)沸石對(duì)土壤保水能力增效隨土壤缺水程度的增加而提高,而過(guò)度缺水后沸石的增效則有所下降。稻田應(yīng)用5,10和15 t·ha~(-1)斜發(fā)沸石,減少全生育期總灌溉用水量4.3%、8.7%和9.7%,提高水分生產(chǎn)率8.5%、23.9%和29.6%。沸石的節(jié)水潛力是因?yàn)樵鍪┬卑l(fā)沸石可提高土壤持水性能,改善稻田土壤水分狀況。(3)稻田應(yīng)用能量調(diào)控灌溉可減少灌溉水28.4%、提高水分利用率56.6%,增產(chǎn)11.5%。能量調(diào)控灌溉的節(jié)水潛力主要體現(xiàn)在分蘗期、拔節(jié)孕穗期和乳熟期,較之淹灌,水稻騰發(fā)量分別減少64.8%、26.2%和15.4%。能量調(diào)控灌溉在3個(gè)低氮水平下具有明顯的增產(chǎn)效果,但在高氮水平下同淹灌差異不大。同時(shí),高氮處理易導(dǎo)致氮肥表觀利用率的降低。(4)沸石修補(bǔ)與能量調(diào)控灌溉的結(jié)合,不僅傳承了能量調(diào)控灌溉節(jié)水增產(chǎn)的特點(diǎn),還可以緩沖水肥脅迫對(duì)作物的傷害,在能量調(diào)控灌溉的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)一步節(jié)水,提高水分生產(chǎn)率。在持續(xù)淹灌下稻田,增施5-15 t·ha~(-1)斜發(fā)沸石提高水分生產(chǎn)率4.3%-20.1%；而在能量調(diào)控灌溉下,水分生產(chǎn)率提高12.9-36.9%,增效更為明顯。(5)沸石修補(bǔ)、能量調(diào)控灌溉和氮肥管理技術(shù)三者相結(jié)合,可充分激發(fā)水肥耦合的激勵(lì)機(jī)制和協(xié)同作用,降低能量調(diào)控灌溉的不利影響：避免能量調(diào)控灌溉等節(jié)水灌溉在高氮肥處理下水稻產(chǎn)量以及表層土壤有效氮肥略有下降的現(xiàn)象。因?yàn)樾卑l(fā)沸石內(nèi)部豐富的比表面積以及沸石水,提高了土壤持水性能,改善了稻田土壤水分狀況,為作物生長(zhǎng)提供充足的水分,尤其在控水時(shí)期,降低干旱脅迫對(duì)產(chǎn)量的負(fù)面影響；沸石極強(qiáng)的陽(yáng)離子交換能力,提高了稻田保肥能力,從而提高稻田氮肥有效性,為作物生長(zhǎng)提供了較好的營(yíng)養(yǎng)條件。成本效益分析表明,I_(EC)N_(105)Z_(10)處理收益最高,即采用能量調(diào)控灌溉+105 kg·ha~(-1)施氮+10 t·ha~(-1)斜發(fā)沸石,收益達(dá)30,764元ha~(-1)(只考慮資源投入和稻谷產(chǎn)出)。與常規(guī)管理模式(I_(CF)N_(157.5)Z_0,持續(xù)淹灌+施氮量157.5 kg·ha~(-1)+無(wú)沸石處理)相比,該處理節(jié)水27.8%,省氮33.3%,增產(chǎn)10.6%,提高水分利用率、氮肥利用率和表觀利用率分別為52.5%、89.2%和54.5%。同時(shí),其正效應(yīng)至少能持續(xù)兩年。對(duì)于能量調(diào)控灌溉無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)的地區(qū),可采用I_(CF)N_(105)Z_5處理,即持續(xù)淹灌+105 kg·ha~(-1)氮肥+5 t·ha~(-1)斜發(fā)沸石。該處理產(chǎn)量略高于常規(guī)處理,但可減少施氮33.3%。能量調(diào)控灌溉(I_(EC)N_(105)Z_(10))和淹灌(I_(CF)N_(105)Z_5)下最佳水稻生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)的提出,為實(shí)現(xiàn)在高產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)的同時(shí),降低水稻生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)水氮資源消耗和環(huán)境代價(jià)提供了一種新途徑。(6)能量調(diào)控灌溉對(duì)整精米率和堊白粒率有一定負(fù)面影響,但對(duì)碾磨、營(yíng)養(yǎng)和蒸煮品質(zhì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)(除峰值粘度)均沒(méi)有顯著的影響。而稻田沸石修補(bǔ)對(duì)碾磨品質(zhì)、外觀品質(zhì)和蒸煮品質(zhì)影響不大,但增施沸石顯著提高大米蛋白含量,降低食味品質(zhì)。但推薦的I_(EC)N_(105)Z_(10)和I_(CF)N_(105)Z_5處理同對(duì)照組I_(CF)N_(157.5)Z_0多重比較發(fā)現(xiàn),采用傳統(tǒng)水稻生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)(淹灌,稻田土壤不添加沸石)向采用節(jié)水灌溉技術(shù)和土壤填加沸石修補(bǔ)(I_(EC)N_(105)Z_(10))以及土壤單獨(dú)進(jìn)行沸石修補(bǔ)(I_(CF)N_(105)Z_5)的生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)轉(zhuǎn)變不會(huì)影響水稻碾磨、外觀、營(yíng)養(yǎng)、食味和蒸煮品質(zhì)。
[Abstract]:The shortage of water resources, excessive fertilization and nitrogen fertilizer pollution are serious threat to the sustainability of rice production system and food safety. How to reduce the consumption of agricultural water and nitrogen resources and ensure food security at the minimum environmental cost is a major task facing mankind. It is also a great challenge. Energy regulation and control irrigation is a significant problem. Rice water-saving irrigation technology can significantly reduce water consumption and increase water productivity, while clinoptilolite can enhance soil water holding capacity and increase nitrogen utilization rate, it has been widely used in different soil and various dry crops. However, the study of clinoptilolite in the environment of flooding rice field is not much, and under the energy regulation and control irrigation, the clinoptilolite has been more widely used. Therefore, this study applies the clinoptilolite to the rice production system with energy regulation and control irrigation to save water through energy regulation and control irrigation. Using clinoptilolite to improve the water holding and fertilizer conservation characteristics of the surface soil in the paddy field, optimize the water nitrogen coupling effect in the paddy field, and then realize the water saving, nitrogen saving and high yield cultivation of rice. The field experimental design was designed to study the effects of nitrogen fertilizer management and zeolite repair and its interaction on the physical and chemical properties of paddy soil, rice growth and development, dry matter accumulation, nitrogen accumulation, rice yield and nitrogen use, and a nitrogen zeolite production model was constructed. The effect of irrigation mode, nitrogen fertilizer management and zeolite repair and its interaction effect on rice production, soil nitrogen residue, water and nitrogen resources consumption and utilization were analyzed by using the steam permeation instrument and the split split zone test design. The influence and regulation mechanism of the clinoptilolite on water, fertilizer incentive mechanism and synergism were studied. The cost benefit analysis of rice production system was carried out by source consumption. The optimum combination mode of different water, nitrogen and zeolite treatment was put forward, and the feasibility of the optimum combination model was evaluated from milling, appearance, nutrition, cooking and taste multiple quality. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) adding clinoptilolite (5~15 t. Ha~ (-) to the conventional flooding rice field (-) 1)) can significantly increase soil cation exchange capacity, increase soil available nitrogen (20.6%-70.0%) and potassium (9.7%-30.7%), enhance soil fertility, but have little effect on soil total nitrogen and organic matter. The addition of clinoptilolite in paddy field increases the accumulation of total dry matter and total nitrogen extraction, and thus significantly improves the utilization of nitrogen fertilizer and agronomic utilization. Rate. From the point of yield composition, the increase in the yield of zeolite was because the clinoptilolite significantly increased the number of effective panicles in rice, but the increase of effective spikes was due to the reduction of the invalid tillers in the process of decreasing the dynamic curve of the tiller. The utilization rate and apparent utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer are improved. (2) the application of clinoptilolite in paddy field can significantly increase soil water content, enhance the water holding capacity and water holding capacity of soil. The effect of soil matrix potential in the range of -35 to 0 kPa increases with the increase of soil water shortage, and the synergistic effect of zeolite after excessive water shortage The application of 5,10 and 15 t. Ha~ (-1) clinoptilolite in paddy field to reduce total irrigation water consumption 4.3%, 8.7% and 9.7%, increase water productivity 8.5%, 23.9% and 29.6%. zeolite for water-saving potential is because the application of clinoptilolite can improve soil water holding performance and improve soil moisture status in paddy field. (3) paddy field application of energy regulation irrigation can be used. The irrigation water was reduced by 28.4%, and the water utilization rate was increased by 56.6%. The water saving potential of the 11.5%. energy control irrigation was mainly reflected in the tillering stage, the jointing booting stage and the milk ripening period, compared with the flooding irrigation, the rice evapotranspiration was reduced by 64.8% respectively. The 26.2% and 15.4%. energy regulation irrigation had obvious effect on increasing yield at the 3 low nitrogen levels, but at the high nitrogen level. (4) the combination of zeolite repair and energy regulation irrigation not only inherits the characteristics of energy regulation and control irrigation, but also buffers the damage of water and fertilizer stress on crops, and further water-saving and water productivity on the basis of energy regulation irrigation. Under continuous flooding, 5-15 t. Ha~ (-1) clinoptilolite increased the water productivity 4.3%-20.1%, while the water productivity increased by 12.9-36.9% and the synergistic effect was more obvious under the energy regulation and control irrigation. (5) zeolite repair, energy regulation irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer management technology were combined to stimulate the stimulation mechanism and synergism of the coupling of water and fertilizer. Reducing the adverse effects of energy regulation irrigation: to avoid energy regulation irrigation and other water-saving irrigation under high nitrogen treatment, rice yield and effective nitrogen fertilizer decreased slightly in the surface soil, because the abundant specific surface area and zeolite water inside the clinoptilolite increased the soil water holding capacity and improved the soil moisture status in the paddy field, as a crop. The growth provided sufficient water, especially during the water control period, reducing the negative effects of drought stress on the yield; the strong cation exchange capacity of the zeolite increased the ability to maintain the fertilizer in the paddy field, thus improved the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer in the paddy field, and provided a better nutritional condition for the crop growth. The results of the benefit analysis showed that the I_ (EC) N_ (105) Z_ (10) treatment was the most profitable. High, that is, the use of energy regulation irrigation +105 kg / ha~ (-1) nitrogen +10 t. Ha~ (-1) clinoptilolite, yield up to 30764 yuan ha~ (-1) (only consider resource input and rice output). Compared with the conventional management model (I_ (CF) 157.5), continuous flooding + nitrogen fertilizer 157.5 + no zeolite treatment), the treatment of water saving 27.8%, nitrogen 33.3%, increase production 10.6%, increase The water utilization rate, nitrogen utilization rate and apparent utilization rate are 52.5%, 89.2% and 54.5%., respectively. The positive effect can last for at least two years. I_ (CF) N_ (105) Z_5 can be used in the areas where the energy regulation and control irrigation can not be realized, that is, the continuous flooding of +105 kg. Ha~ (-1) nitrogenous fertilizer +5 t. But it can reduce the optimal rice production system under 33.3%. (I_ (EC) N_ (105) Z_ (10)) and submergence (I_ (CF) N_ (105) Z_5). A new way is provided for reducing the water and nitrogen resources consumption and environmental costs of rice production system at the same time of high and stable yield. (6) energy regulation and control irrigation on the whole concentrate rice rate and the chalkiness grain rate. There were certain negative effects, but there was no significant influence on milling, nutritional and cooking quality nutrition (except peak viscosity). The repair of zeolite in paddy field had little effect on milling quality, appearance quality and cooking quality, but adding zeolite significantly increased rice protein content and reduced taste quality. However, the recommended I_ (EC) N_ (105) Z_ (10) and I_ (CF) N_ (105) Z_5 treatment Multiple comparison with the control group I_ (CF) N_ (157.5) Z_0 found that the transformation of the traditional rice production system (flooding irrigation, paddy soil without adding zeolite) to the use of water-saving irrigation technology and soil filling zeolite mending (I_ (EC) N_ (105) Z_ (10)) and the production system transformation of the soil individually modified (I_ (CF) N_ (105) Z_5) did not affect rice milling and appearance, Nutrition, taste and cooking quality.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：沈陽(yáng)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：S511
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本文編號(hào)：1843811