發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-05-13 21:14

  本文選題：杉木 + 早期選擇�。� 參考：《福建農(nóng)林大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：杉木因其速生,材質(zhì)優(yōu)良、耐腐,而被廣泛應(yīng)用于建筑、造船、造紙等多個(gè)鄰域,對(duì)中國(guó)南方及其周邊國(guó)家的林業(yè)生產(chǎn)和木材資源供給有著極為重要的意義。隨著杉木人工林的大面積推廣,一些問題隨之而來,如在越南,因其人工造林模式還十分落后,優(yōu)良種質(zhì)資源收集繁育、推廣利用等工作進(jìn)展緩慢,造成杉木林生長(zhǎng)不均、產(chǎn)量不高等問題,限制了杉木的發(fā)展。因此,中國(guó)和越南聯(lián)合開展杉木種源試驗(yàn),不僅能豐富杉木遺傳資源,也促進(jìn)了中國(guó)先進(jìn)的杉木研究經(jīng)驗(yàn)在周邊國(guó)家的推廣應(yīng)用,提高杉木適生區(qū)內(nèi)其林分質(zhì)量的整體水平,對(duì)整個(gè)東南亞地區(qū)的木材戰(zhàn)略供給具有重要的意義。本研究從越南9個(gè)縣(種源)中選擇杉木優(yōu)良母株,在越南北部諒山省杉木適生區(qū)中人工育苗,并對(duì)各種源幼苗生長(zhǎng)進(jìn)行比較測(cè)定；同時(shí)在越南北部、中部、南部以及中國(guó)東南部(福建省福州市)分別設(shè)立試驗(yàn)區(qū),對(duì)上述9個(gè)越南種源與1個(gè)中國(guó)種源(福建杉木優(yōu)良種源FS09)開展杉木種源試驗(yàn),采用生長(zhǎng)及生理等指標(biāo)評(píng)價(jià)相結(jié)合的方法,對(duì)其進(jìn)行早期評(píng)價(jià)并選擇優(yōu)良種源,為越南不同地區(qū)杉木優(yōu)良種源的篩選奠定基礎(chǔ),也為中國(guó)引種越南杉木優(yōu)良種質(zhì)資源奠定良好基礎(chǔ)。主要獲得以下結(jié)論：1)越南杉木各種源種子千粒重在7.440 g-9.784 g之間；各種源種子的平均發(fā)芽率在47.82%～65.64%之間,最高的發(fā)芽率是CL8種源；杉木種子的千粒重與發(fā)芽勢(shì)、發(fā)芽指數(shù)、根長(zhǎng)及發(fā)芽活力呈正相關(guān)；對(duì)種子發(fā)芽率Y(%)與種子的千粒重X(g)的相關(guān)性擬合方程,方程式為Y-(4.8458+5.7848·X)(R0.835；P0.01)2)苗期生長(zhǎng)狀況的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CL2、CL7、CL3、CL6、CL1、CL9與CL8種源(類平均地徑、樹高分別為0.18cm、19.82 cm)最適應(yīng)苗圃地實(shí)驗(yàn)區(qū)條件。3)越南3個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)區(qū)杉木幼樹(30個(gè)月)生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)聚類分析結(jié)果顯示：北部實(shí)驗(yàn)區(qū)中生長(zhǎng)較快的種源有CL9、CL2、CL7和CLl(類平均地徑5.93 cm、樹高283.07 cm、冠幅155.40cm)；中部實(shí)驗(yàn)區(qū)中生長(zhǎng)較快的種源有CL4(類平均地徑1.38 cm、樹高77.29 cm、冠幅60.57cm)；南部實(shí)驗(yàn)區(qū)中生長(zhǎng)較快的種源有CL9、CL8與CL2(類平均的地徑2.57cm、樹高122.19cm、冠幅78.76 cm)；幼樹期實(shí)驗(yàn)區(qū)適應(yīng)性北部南部中部。4)大部分種源幼樹生長(zhǎng)于苗期生長(zhǎng)呈正相關(guān),但也有部分種源幼樹生長(zhǎng)不受苗期生長(zhǎng)的影響。5)杉木在其年生長(zhǎng)中,于不同季節(jié)有不同的生長(zhǎng)勢(shì),據(jù)此將杉木幼樹年生長(zhǎng)劃分為生長(zhǎng)初期、生長(zhǎng)盛期、生長(zhǎng)后期和休眠期4個(gè)生長(zhǎng)期。其中,葉片的光合能力在不同生長(zhǎng)期中有不同表現(xiàn),生長(zhǎng)盛期與生長(zhǎng)后期有較強(qiáng)的光合能力；同時(shí),不同種源間的葉綠素含量與光合作用能力等光合指標(biāo)存在顯著差異,且與生長(zhǎng)速度呈正相關(guān)。6)不同種源葉片結(jié)構(gòu)研究顯示,越南杉木葉片平均長(zhǎng)度為42.90±7.33mm,最長(zhǎng)達(dá)48.46 mm；葉片的平均寬為2.81±0.36 mm,最寬達(dá)3.02 mm。種源間葉片形態(tài)差異與幼樹生長(zhǎng)狀況有關(guān)：一般情況下,葉片長(zhǎng)度較小、寬度較大、厚度較小、葉面積大小適宜,則杉木幼樹生長(zhǎng)較快。葉片顯微與超微結(jié)構(gòu)分析結(jié)果表明,各種源葉片的葉表皮厚、葉機(jī)械厚、柵欄組織厚、維管束厚、維管束寬、木質(zhì)部厚、木質(zhì)部寬、韌皮部厚、韌皮部寬等成分結(jié)構(gòu)大小不同,且幼樹生長(zhǎng)沒有顯著的相關(guān)性。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CL7和CL9兩個(gè)種源葉片有3個(gè)樹脂道(1個(gè)大樹脂道分布于中部,兩側(cè)各分布1個(gè)小樹脂道),其生長(zhǎng)速度比其它種源快,可推測(cè)葉片樹脂道數(shù)量可能與其生長(zhǎng)有關(guān)。各種源的平均氣孔密度為215.87土19.63個(gè)氣孔·mm-2,氣孔平均長(zhǎng)43.36±4.25μm,氣孔平均寬為26.30±2.82μm,長(zhǎng)寬比為1.65。氣孔結(jié)構(gòu)和各種源幼樹生長(zhǎng)狀況有關(guān)：葉片氣孔長(zhǎng)寬較大或氣孔密度較多的種源生長(zhǎng)較快；反之氣孔長(zhǎng)寬度較小或氣孔密度低的種源則生長(zhǎng)較慢。7)杉木對(duì)土壤生理生化性質(zhì)的選擇：越南3個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)區(qū)引種結(jié)果顯示,杉木較為適應(yīng)北部實(shí)驗(yàn)區(qū)的自然環(huán)境條件。該實(shí)驗(yàn)區(qū)海拔為100m以上,土質(zhì)為粉砂質(zhì)粘土,土層厚度80cm,速效N、速效P、速效K、交換Ca、交換Mg·g-1含量相對(duì)較高,pH4.5；其土壤質(zhì)地、土壤養(yǎng)分、水分供給等方面均優(yōu)于南部與中部實(shí)驗(yàn)區(qū),因此認(rèn)為越南北部的土壤條件有利于杉木的引種工作。越南中部和南部實(shí)驗(yàn)區(qū)因土質(zhì)分別為壤粘土和粘壤土,土壤養(yǎng)分偏低,且伴有焚風(fēng)、干燥等狀況,可能對(duì)杉木幼樹生長(zhǎng)造成不利影響。8)各種源葉片的營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素含量與土樣比較結(jié)果顯示：北部種源葉片的營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素含量比土樣高26.46～314.64倍；中部種源葉片的營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素含量比土樣高13.85～811.77倍；南部種源葉片營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素含量比土樣高2.01～302.82倍。杉木幼樹營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素吸收量最多的為氮元素,其后依次為鉀、磷、鈣、鎂元素。9)不同實(shí)驗(yàn)區(qū)中生長(zhǎng)較優(yōu)的種源其葉片的氮、磷、鉀元素含量也相對(duì)較高。以北部實(shí)驗(yàn)區(qū)生長(zhǎng)最快的CL9、CL7、CL1、CL2種源為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),計(jì)算葉片氮、磷、鉀、鈣、鎂平均含量的最適比例,氮：磷：鉀：鈣：鎂的最適比例為1.00：0.09：0.51：0.07：0.03。10)越南各實(shí)驗(yàn)區(qū)優(yōu)良種源早期評(píng)價(jià)與選擇的結(jié)果表明,北部實(shí)驗(yàn)區(qū)CL9、CL2、CL7與CL1為優(yōu)良種源,CL8、CL3、CL6與CL4為一般種源,不適宜種源為CL5種源；中部實(shí)驗(yàn)區(qū)CL4為優(yōu)良種源,一般種源包括CL6、CL7、CL2、CL9、CL1與CL3種源,不適宜種源為CL8與CL5種源；南部實(shí)驗(yàn)區(qū)CL8、CL9、CL2為優(yōu)良種源,一般種源包括CL3、CL1與CL7種源,不適宜種源為CL6、CL4與CL5種源。11)越南杉木與中國(guó)杉木比較分析顯示：(1)越南杉木種源種子千粒重與發(fā)芽率均高于中國(guó)杉木種子；越南杉木種子千粒重和種子發(fā)芽率呈正相關(guān),這與中國(guó)杉木的研究結(jié)果一致；(2)中國(guó)種源杉木苗期生長(zhǎng)較越南種源快,中國(guó)種源苗期平均的苗高與地徑分別為19.72 cm與0.38 cm,而不同種源越南杉木苗期平均苗高與地徑分別為18.94 cm與0.17 cm；(3)中國(guó)種源杉木葉片的總?cè)~綠素(a+b)高于越南種源,表明中國(guó)種源杉木可能具有較高的光合作用能力；而越南種源杉木葉片的葉綠素(a/b)比值高于中國(guó)種源,表明越南種源杉木較中國(guó)種源杉木更喜光；(4)杉木葉長(zhǎng)寬變幅較很大,其中越南種源杉木平均葉長(zhǎng)較中國(guó)種源杉木更長(zhǎng),平均葉寬較中國(guó)種源窄。中國(guó)種源杉木葉片的厚度、葉表皮厚、葉機(jī)械厚、維管束厚、維管束寬與樹脂道直徑比越南種源杉木大1.10～1.64倍；(5)中國(guó)種源杉木2.5年生幼樹其樹高、地徑與冠幅的生長(zhǎng)比越南杉木快,越南各種源中僅CL9與CL2種源生長(zhǎng)較快,接近中國(guó)種源杉木的生長(zhǎng)水平。
[Abstract]:Chinese fir is widely used in building , shipbuilding , paper making and so on . It is very important to the forestry production and timber resources supply in the south of China and its surrounding countries .
At the same time , in the north , middle and south of Viet Nam and in the southeast of China ( Fuzhou , Fujian ) , we established a test area to evaluate the above - mentioned nine Vietnamese sources and 1 Chinese Provenance ( FS09 ) , establish a good foundation for the selection of Chinese fir seed sources in different parts of Viet Nam , and lay a good foundation for the selection of excellent germplasm resources of Chinese fir in different parts of Vietnam .
The average germination percentage of various source seeds ranged from 47.82 % to 65.64 % , and the highest germination rate was CL8 seed source .
The 1000 - grain weight of Chinese fir seeds is positively correlated with the germination potential , the germination index , the root length and the germination vigor ;
The equation is Y - ( 4.8458 + 5.7848 路 X ) ( R0.835 ) .
The results showed that CL9 , CL2 , CL7 and CLl in the northern experiment area were CL9 , CL2 , CL7 and CLl ( average diameter 5.93 cm , tree height : 283.07 cm , crown width 155.40 cm ) .
There were CL4 ( 1.38cm in average diameter , 77.29 cm in height and 60.57 cm in crown ) in the middle experiment area .
There were CL9 , CL8 and CL2 in the southern experiment area . CL9 , CL8 and CL2 ( mean ground diameter 2.57cm , tree height 122 . 19cm , crown 78.76 cm ) ;
The growth of young Chinese fir in the middle part of the northern part of the northern part of the northern part of the experiment area was positively related to the growth of the seedling stage , but also some of the young trees were not affected by the growth of the seedling stage .
At the same time , there were significant differences in chlorophyll content and photosynthetic capacity among different sources , and the growth rate was positively correlated . 6 ) The leaf structure of different provenance showed that the average length of the leaves of Chinese fir was 42.90 鹵 7.33mm , the longest was 48.46 mm ;
The average pore density of the leaves was 2.81 鹵 0.36 mm and the widest was 3.02 mm . The difference of leaf shape between the two sources was related to the growth of young trees . The results showed that there were three resin channels ( 1 big resin channel distributed in the middle and one small resin channel on both sides ) . The average pore density of the leaves was 215.87 鹵 4.25渭m , the average width of the stoma was 26.30 鹵 2.82 渭m , the length and width ratio was 1.65 . The stomatal structure and the growth of various source young trees were related to the growth of the leaves .
The results showed that Chinese fir was more suitable to the natural environment of the northern experiment area . The experiment area was more than 100m , the soil was silty clay , the thickness of soil layer was 80cm , quick - acting N , quick - acting P , quick - acting K , exchange Ca , Mg 路 g - 1 content were relatively high , pH 4.5 ;
The soil texture , soil nutrient and water supply are superior to the southern and middle experimental areas . Therefore , the soil conditions in the north of Vietnam are favorable for the introduction of Chinese fir . The soil quality in the central and southern provinces of Vietnam is lower than that of the soil samples . The results show that the nutrient elements content in the northern seed leaves is 26.46 - 314.64 times higher than that of the soil sample .
The content of nutrient elements in middle source leaf was 13.85 锝，

本文編號(hào)：1884824