發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-05-13 22:34

  本文選題：黃泥田 + 有機(jī)培肥��； 參考：《浙江大學(xué)》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：黃泥田是我國(guó)南方廣泛分布的一種低產(chǎn)水稻土,其具有土壤酸性強(qiáng)、有機(jī)質(zhì)缺乏、速效養(yǎng)分含量低等特點(diǎn),這使水稻產(chǎn)量長(zhǎng)年維持在一個(gè)中低水平。在我國(guó)人口逐年增長(zhǎng)與耕地面積不斷減少的矛盾下,提高土地糧食單產(chǎn),特別是挖掘中低產(chǎn)田的增產(chǎn)潛力變得尤為重要。本文以金衢盆地典型中低產(chǎn)黃泥田為研究對(duì)象,通過化肥與不同有機(jī)物料配施培肥效應(yīng)對(duì)比、一次性基施新型緩/控釋氮肥品種篩選以及不同栽培方法和施肥模式田間試驗(yàn),開展以下三個(gè)方面的研究:(1)中低產(chǎn)黃泥田土壤肥力關(guān)鍵限制因子消減與地力提升機(jī)理;(2)不同稻作體系水稻產(chǎn)量和氮素利用效率協(xié)同提高實(shí)現(xiàn)途徑;(3)不同栽培方法和氮肥管理模式下水稻生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育過程和產(chǎn)量形成特征。取得的主要研究結(jié)果如下:1.與單施化肥相比,連續(xù)5年化肥與有機(jī)肥配施不僅顯著提高了單季稻產(chǎn)量(6.6%～11.2%),還明顯改善了土壤肥力狀況,顯著提高了土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)、全氮和微生物量碳含量。其中化肥與牛糞配施效果最佳,5年平均產(chǎn)量最高(9.66 t hm-2),而且該條件下土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)、全氮、有效磷和pH增幅最大,土壤容重較單施化肥處理明顯降低。2.化肥與牛糞配施處理0-5 cm、5-10 cm和10-20 cm層土壤總有機(jī)碳(TOC)、高錳酸鉀氧化有機(jī)碳(KMn04-C)和微生物量碳(MBC)均為最高。土壤碳庫(kù)管理指數(shù)(CMI)、KMnO4-C和MBC適合作為敏感指示因子來評(píng)估耕層土壤碳庫(kù)最初變化,而可溶性有機(jī)碳(DOC)不適合作為土壤質(zhì)量變化的早期指示指標(biāo)。施肥對(duì)于下層土壤顆粒態(tài)有機(jī)碳(POC)影響不明顯�？傮w來講,化肥與牛糞搭配施用是最有效提高中低產(chǎn)黃泥田土壤碳庫(kù)的管理模式。3.與單施化肥相比,化肥與牛糞配施處理0-5 cm、5-10 cm、10-20 cm和20-30 cm土層的土壤pH值分別顯著提高0.23、0.16、0.29和0.27個(gè)pH單位(P0.05)。化肥與菇渣、紫云英和秸稈配施方式的土壤pH提高不明顯。牛糞長(zhǎng)期施用可以提高各層土壤鹽基離子含量,其中以Ca2+、Mg2+增加最為顯著。目前每年120kg hm-2K2O投入量不能達(dá)到養(yǎng)分平衡,各處理土壤速效鉀含量較試驗(yàn)前均有顯著的降低。長(zhǎng)期施用牛糞可以降低土壤中交換性酸和交換性Al3+含量。綜上所述,化肥與牛糞配施是緩解黃泥田酸性的最佳施肥方式。4.Acidobacteria和Proteobacteria為黃泥田水稻土中微生物優(yōu)勢(shì)類群。土壤有機(jī)碳含量高低對(duì)土壤微生物群落多樣性的影響最大。連續(xù)5年化肥與有機(jī)物料配施提高了土壤耕層有機(jī)碳含量,進(jìn)而增加了土壤細(xì)菌物種數(shù)和群落多樣性,其中以化肥與牛糞配施效果最為明顯。此外,化肥與牛糞配施提高了Rhizobium相對(duì)豐度,可能改變了土壤氮素的生物地球化學(xué)過程。5.不同稻作體系下應(yīng)采用不同的施肥模式。與農(nóng)戶傳統(tǒng)分施尿素(PU 100%)相比,早、晚稻上一次性基施生化抑制尿素(NPU 100%)5年平均顯著增產(chǎn)9.7%和9.5%,氮肥利用率顯著提高10.3和8.8個(gè)百分點(diǎn),而單季稻上兩種施肥模式在產(chǎn)量和氮肥利用率上沒有明顯差異。早稻上一次性基施全量硫磺樹脂雙包膜尿素(SPCU)效果不明顯,晚稻和單季稻上施用SPCU能顯著增產(chǎn)和提高氮肥利用率。早、晚稻和單季稻上硫磺樹脂雙包膜尿素和普通尿素?fù)交旌笠淮涡曰�施均較農(nóng)戶傳統(tǒng)分施尿素增產(chǎn)和提高氮肥利用率。6.在傳統(tǒng)手栽和模擬機(jī)插兩種栽培方式下,一次性基施控釋BB肥四年平均籽粒產(chǎn)量較農(nóng)戶習(xí)慣施肥分別顯著提高7.7%(9.9 vs.9.2 t hm-2)和5.2%(9.9 vs.9.5 t hm-2)(P0.05)。在直播栽培方式下,平均四年產(chǎn)量一次性基施控釋BB肥較農(nóng)戶習(xí)慣施肥減產(chǎn)3%(8.2 vs.8.5 t hm-2),這可能是由于控釋BB肥養(yǎng)分釋放不能夠與直播稻養(yǎng)分吸收同步。平均兩種氮肥管理方式,傳統(tǒng)手栽和模擬機(jī)插方式較直播稻四年平均增產(chǎn)14.0%和16.1%(P0.05)。這主要是由于移栽稻提高了水稻抽穗后葉片SPAD,葉面積指數(shù)(LAI)和葉面積持續(xù)期(LAD)。
[Abstract]:The yellow mud field is a kind of low yield paddy soil widely distributed in the south of China. It has the characteristics of strong soil acidity, lack of organic matter and low available nutrient content. This makes the yield of rice maintain at a middle and low level for a long time. In China, the growth of the population and the continuous reduction of the arable land area will increase the yield of the land grain, especially in the middle and low level. In this paper, the yellow mud field in the typical middle and low yield fields of Jinqu basin is the research object. By comparing the effect of fertilizer and different organic materials with the effect of fertilization, a new type of new type of slow / controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer selection, the different cultivation methods and the fertilization mode field test have been carried out in the following three aspects: (1) The key limiting factor of soil fertility reduction and the mechanism of soil fertility improvement in the medium and low yield yellow paddy fields; (2) the rice yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency in different rice cropping systems were improved, and (3) different cultivation methods and nitrogen fertilizer management models were used to develop rice growth and development and yield formation. The main results were as follows: 1. and single fertilizer application The combined application of chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer for 5 years not only significantly improved the yield of single season rice (6.6% to 11.2%), but also significantly improved the soil fertility condition, significantly improved soil organic matter, total nitrogen and microbial biomass carbon content, among which fertilizer and cow dung had the best effect, the average yield of 5 years was the highest (9.66 t hm-2), and the soil organic matter was organic under this condition. The increase of quality, total nitrogen, effective phosphorus and pH was the greatest. The soil bulk density was significantly lower than that of single fertilizer treatment..2. fertilizer and cow dung were treated with 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm and 10-20 cm layer soil total organic carbon (TOC), Potassium Permanganate oxidation organic carbon (KMn04-C) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) were the highest. The soil carbon bank management index (CMI), KMnO4-C and MBC were suitable for sensitivity. The indicator factor was used to evaluate the initial change of soil carbon pool in the plough soil, and soluble organic carbon (DOC) was not suitable as an early indicator for the change of soil quality. The effect of Fertilization on the organic carbon (POC) in the lower soil was not obvious. In general, the application of chemical fertilizer and cow dung is the most effective management model of the medium and low yield yellow mud soil soil carbon pool. Compared with the single application of chemical fertilizer, the soil pH value of 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm soil layer was significantly increased by 0.23,0.16,0.29 and 0.27 pH units (P0.05), respectively. The increase of the soil pH increased by the fertilizer with the mushroom residue, the cloud and the straw. The long-term application of the cow dung could increase the content of the salt base ions in the soil layers. Ca2+, Mg2+ increased most significantly. At present, the annual 120kg hm-2K2O input could not reach the nutrient balance, and the content of soil available potassium in each treatment was significantly lower than that before the test. Long term application of cow dung could reduce the exchangeable acid and exchangeable Al3+ content in the soil. The best fertilization methods.4.Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria were the dominant groups in the paddy soil of yellow mud field. The soil organic carbon content had the greatest influence on the soil microbial community diversity. The organic carbon content of soil plough layer was increased by the combination of chemical fertilizer and organic material for 5 years, and the number of soil bacteria species and community diversity were added. In addition, the combination of fertilizer and cow dung has the most obvious effect. In addition, the combination of chemical fertilizer and cow dung improves the relative abundance of Rhizobium, which may change the biogeochemical process of soil nitrogen, and the different fertilization modes should be adopted under different rice systems in.5. system. Compared with the traditional application of urea (PU 100%) to the farmers, the biochemical inhibition of the one-time base application on the late rice is early. The average yield of urea (NPU 100%) increased by 9.7% and 9.5% in 5 years, and the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer was significantly increased by 10.3 and 8.8 percentage points, while there was no significant difference between the yield and nitrogen utilization rate of the two fertilization modes on the single season rice. The effect of the full sulphur resin double coated urea (SPCU) on the early rice was not obvious, and the application of SPCU in the late rice and the single season rice was not obvious. Significant increase in yield and nitrogen utilization ratio. Early, late rice and single cropping rice with sulphur resin, double coated urea and ordinary urea were compared with farmers' traditional application of urea to increase production and increase nitrogen utilization ratio.6. in traditional hand planting and simulated machine inserting two kinds of cultivation methods, and the average grain yield of one time base controlled release BB fertilizer for four years was higher than that of agriculture. The customary fertilization was significantly increased by 7.7% (9.9 vs.9.2 t hm-2) and 5.2% (9.9 vs.9.5 t hm-2) (P0.05). Under direct seeding, the average four year yield of one-off basis controlled release BB fertilizer was 3% (8.2 vs.8.5 t hm-2) less than that of the farmers, which may be due to the fact that the release of the controlled release nutrient nutrient was not synchronized with the nutrient absorption of direct seeding rice. The average two was not synchronized with the nutrient absorption of the direct seeding rice. The traditional method of nitrogen fertilizer management was increased by 14% and 16.1% (P0.05) in four years than that of direct seeding rice. This was mainly due to the increase of leaf SPAD, leaf area index (LAI) and leaf area duration (LAD) of rice after heading.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：浙江大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S147

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本文編號(hào)：1885137