發(fā)布時間：2018-05-23 22:08

  本文選題：干旱脅迫 + 產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成��； 參考：《蘭州大學(xué)》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：裸燕麥(Avena nuda L.)常分布于干旱冷涼地區(qū),作為小雜糧作物,主要種植在邊際土地中,生育期內(nèi)面臨各種非生物脅迫,其中水分脅迫是限制裸燕麥籽粒產(chǎn)量的主要逆境因子。相對于小麥和水稻等主要糧食作物而言,裸燕麥的育種進程相對比較遲緩,對裸燕麥近代育成品種和早期農(nóng)家地方品種的產(chǎn)量形成特性進行比較研究,將有助于揭示裸燕麥品種選育過程中耐旱性和產(chǎn)量性狀的演化規(guī)律。本研究以近代育成品種定莜1號(DY1)、定莜3號(DY3)、定莜5號(DY5)、定莜6號(DY6)、定莜7號(DY7)、燕科1號(YK1)和壩莜6號(BY6)以及早期農(nóng)家地方品種北山老燕麥(BSL)、老燕麥(LY)、玉麥(YM)、小莜麥(XY)、燕麥(YAM)和莜麥(YUM)為供試材料。在盆栽和大田試驗條件下開展近代育成品種和早期地方品種耐旱適應(yīng)機制和產(chǎn)量形成的差異對比研究,并對其關(guān)系進行探討,試圖闡明裸燕麥育種過程中籽粒產(chǎn)量提升與耐旱性改善的關(guān)系。本研究的主要結(jié)果如下:1、在盆栽逐漸干旱試驗中,近代育成品種非水力根源信號持續(xù)的土壤水分閾值區(qū)間平均值為15.9%FC(Field capacity,田間持水量),顯著低于早期地方品種的平均值21.5%FC。其中,近代育成品種氣孔導(dǎo)度和光合速率開始下降時的土壤水分含量平均值為50.8%FC,要顯著低于早期地方品種的平均值56.5%FC。而近代育成品種葉片水分狀態(tài)發(fā)生改變時的土壤水分含量平均值為34.9%FC,與早期地方品種的平均值35.0%FC沒有顯著差異。2、在盆栽逐漸干旱試驗中,當(dāng)嚴(yán)重水分脅迫發(fā)生時(土壤水分含量低于30%FC),近代育成品種葉片中滲透物質(zhì)(脯氨酸、可溶性糖和甜菜堿)開始大量積累,滲透調(diào)節(jié)能力顯著增強,葉片中丙二醛含量顯著低于早期地方品種,表明其膜脂過氧化損傷的程度較低。同時,近代育成品種葉片致死水勢(平均值為-5.4MPa)也顯著低于早期地方品種(平均值-3.6 MPa),表現(xiàn)出了更強的葉片耐脫水性。3、無論是在大田雨養(yǎng)或灌溉條件下,還是在盆栽試驗中的充分供水和水分脅迫處理下,近代育成品種的籽粒產(chǎn)量、收獲指數(shù)和水分利用效率都要顯著高于早期地方品種。近代育成品種較高的籽粒產(chǎn)量與其不同水分條件下更好的干旱適應(yīng)性和耐脫水性相關(guān)。4、大田產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成分析表明,近代育成品種較高的籽粒產(chǎn)量與其較高的單穗粒數(shù)及千粒重相關(guān)。不同水分處理下,近代品種的單穗粒數(shù)和千粒重都要顯著地大于早期地方品種。籽粒大小(千粒重)的性狀更多的依賴于品種特性,在多變的環(huán)境下能夠維持穩(wěn)定。5、大田條件下通徑分析結(jié)果顯示,地上生物量、單位面積穗數(shù)、單穗粒數(shù)、千粒重和收獲指數(shù)可以解釋品種間99.2%的籽粒產(chǎn)量變異。其中,地上生物量和收獲指數(shù)對籽粒產(chǎn)量的直接效應(yīng)最大,分別為0.660(P0.001)和0.459(P0.001)。而主成分分析結(jié)果顯示,近代育成品種收獲指數(shù)的增加與其千粒重的增加密切相關(guān)。同時,近代育成品種籽粒產(chǎn)量對地上生物量(不含籽粒重)的異速指數(shù)為0.858,要顯著大于早期地方品種異速指數(shù)0.759,表明近代育成品種的繁殖分配要大于早期地方品種。6、籽粒灌漿特征分析表明,近代育成品種的籽粒最大灌漿速率和平均灌漿速率都顯著高于早期地方品種,在大田條件下分別高出40.4%和21.4%。盆栽試驗發(fā)現(xiàn),適度的水分脅迫(55%FC)可以提高籽粒的最大灌漿速率和平均灌漿速率,在近代育成品種中分別提高了24.4%和21.7%,而在早期地方品種中分別提高了16.4%和5.6%。同時,裸燕麥的強勢籽粒(開花較早的籽粒)和弱勢籽粒(開花較晚的籽粒)雖然在灌漿起始上存在時間差異,但其最終籽粒重量沒有顯著差異。7、盆栽試驗發(fā)現(xiàn),裸燕麥近代育成品種和早期地方品種的胚乳細(xì)胞增殖存在顯著差異。近代育成品種的胚乳細(xì)胞數(shù)量要比早期地方品種多17.9%。在灌漿期,近代育成品種籽粒中與淀粉合成相關(guān)的焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)和淀粉分支酶(SBE)的活性均高于早期地方品種。同時,灌漿期籽粒中脫落酸的含量與灌漿速率和焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)、淀粉分支酶(SBE)的活性有顯著的正相關(guān)關(guān)系。綜上所述,盡管近代育成裸燕麥品種的非水力根源信號土壤水分閾值區(qū)間顯著低于早期地方品種,但其在嚴(yán)重水分脅迫下的滲透調(diào)節(jié)能力和耐脫水能力要顯著大于早期地方品種。其較高的籽粒產(chǎn)量與其繁殖分配的增加相關(guān),主要體現(xiàn)在新品種具有較高的單穗粒數(shù)、千粒重和收獲指數(shù),以及較快的籽粒灌漿速率和較多的籽粒胚乳細(xì)胞數(shù)。
[Abstract]:Luo Yanmai (Avena nuda L.) is often distributed in the arid and cold area. As a small grain crop, it is mainly planted in the marginal land and is faced with various abiotic stresses during the growth period. Water stress is the main adversity factor to limit the grain yield of naked oats. Comparatively slow, comparative study on the yield formation characteristics of naked oat modern breeding varieties and early farm local varieties will help to reveal the evolution of drought tolerance and Yield Traits in the breeding process of naked oats. This study takes oat No. 1 (DY1), fixed naked oats No. 3 (DY3), fixed naked oats No. 5 (DY5), fixed naked oats 6 (DY6). Oat No. 7 (DY7), Yan Ke 1 (YK1) and dam naked oat 6 (BY6) and early farm local variety Bei Shan old oat (BSL), old oat (LY), jade wheat (YM), small naked oats (XY), oat (YAM) and naked oats (YUM) as the test materials. Under the conditions of pot and field test, the drought tolerance mechanism and the difference of yield formation of early local varieties and early local varieties were carried out. The main results of this study are as follows: 1, in the gradual drought test of potted plants, the average value of the soil water threshold value of the non hydraulic source signals of modern varieties is 15.9%FC (Field capacity, field). Water holding capacity was significantly lower than the average value of early local varieties of 21.5%FC.. The average value of soil moisture content was 50.8%FC when the stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate began to decline in modern breeding varieties, which was significantly lower than the average value of early local varieties of 56.5%FC.. The average value is 34.9%FC, and there is no significant difference from the average value of early local varieties of 35.0%FC.2. In the gradual drought test of potted plants, when serious water stress occurs (the soil moisture content is lower than 30%FC), the permeable substances (proline, soluble sugar and betaine) in the leaves of modern breeding varieties begin to accumulate, and the osmotic adjustment ability increases significantly. The content of malondialdehyde in leaves was significantly lower than that of early local varieties, indicating that the degree of membrane lipid peroxidation damage was lower. At the same time, the lethal water potential (average value of -5.4MPa) of modern bred varieties was significantly lower than that of early local varieties (mean value of -3.6 MPa), showing a stronger vane resistance to water resistance.3, whether in field rain or irrigation. Under the conditions of full water supply and water stress treatment in pot experiment, the grain yield, harvest index and water use efficiency of modern bred varieties were significantly higher than those of early local varieties. The higher grain yield of modern bred varieties was related to better Drought Adaptability and water resistance under different water conditions,.4, field. The analysis of yield composition showed that the higher grain yield of modern breeding varieties was related to higher grain number and 1000 grain weight. Under different water treatments, the grain number of single spike and 1000 grain weight of modern varieties were significantly larger than those of early local varieties. The grain size (1000 grain weight) depended on variety characteristics and could be more varied in the changeable environment. In order to maintain stable.5, the results of path analysis under field conditions showed that aboveground biomass, per unit area spike, single spike grain number, 1000 grain weight and harvest index could explain the variation of grain yield between 99.2% varieties. The direct effect of aboveground biomass and harvest index on grain yield was 0.660 (P0.001) and 0.459 (P0.001) respectively. The result of component analysis showed that the increase of the harvest index of modern bred varieties was closely related to the increase of 1000 grain weight. At the same time, the speed index of the grain yield of modern bred varieties to the aboveground biomass (without grain weight) was 0.858, which was significantly greater than that of the early local varieties with the rate of 0.759. The analysis of grain filling characteristics of local variety.6 showed that the maximum grain filling rate and average grain filling rate of modern cultivated varieties were significantly higher than those of early local varieties. 40.4% and 21.4%. pot experiments under field conditions showed that moderate water stress (55%FC) could increase the maximum grain filling rate and average grain filling speed. The rate increased by 24.4% and 21.7% in the modern breeding varieties, while the early local varieties increased by 16.4% and 5.6%. respectively, while the strong grains (earlier flowering grains) and the weak grains (late flowering grains) had time difference at the beginning of grain filling, but there was no significant difference in the final grain weight of.7, potted plants. The experiment found that there was a significant difference in the proliferation of endosperm cells between the modern breeds of naked oats and the early local varieties. The number of endosperm cells in modern bred breeds was more than 17.9%. at the early stage, and the activity of AGPase and SBE related to starch synthesis in the seeds of modern bred varieties was high. At the same time, the content of abscisic acid in grain filling period was positively correlated with the grain filling rate and AGPase, soluble starch synthase (SSS), and starch branching enzyme (SBE) activity. In summary, the soil moisture threshold range of the non hydraulic source signals of modern naked oat varieties was significantly lower. The early local varieties, but their osmotic adjustment and dehydration ability under severe water stress are significantly greater than those of early local varieties. The higher grain yield is related to the increase in reproductive distribution, mainly in the higher grain number of single spikes, 1000 grain weight and harvest index, and faster grain filling rate and comparison. The number of many seed endosperm cells.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S512.6

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