發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-05-25 15:36

  本文選題：夏玉米 + 密度��； 參考：《山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：增加種植密度是當(dāng)代玉米產(chǎn)量進(jìn)一步提高的主要途徑之一。然而,高密度下獲得高產(chǎn)的同時(shí),往往伴隨著單株產(chǎn)量降低、倒伏率升高等一系列問題,選用耐密型品種可有效降低高密度種植帶來的負(fù)面效應(yīng)。本試驗(yàn)于2014-2015年在山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)黃淮海玉米科技創(chuàng)新中心及作物生物學(xué)國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)行,選用緊湊耐密型品種鄭單958(ZD958)及稀植大穗型品種魯單981(LD981)為試驗(yàn)材料,設(shè)置52 500株/ha(D1)及82 500株/ha(D2)兩個(gè)種植密度,研究不同耐密型夏玉米品種形態(tài)學(xué)、生理學(xué)及差異蛋白質(zhì)組學(xué)特性對增密的差異響應(yīng),確定耐密植品種的耐密機(jī)理;在此基礎(chǔ)上設(shè)置0,180及360kg/ha三個(gè)施氮量,研究施氮量對高密度下各指標(biāo)的調(diào)控效應(yīng)。主要研究結(jié)果如下:1.種植密度及施氮量對夏玉米產(chǎn)量及構(gòu)成因素的影響增密可以提高兩品種子粒產(chǎn)量,但增產(chǎn)幅度不同。2014年及2015年ZD958分別增產(chǎn)33.7%及33.1,而LD981僅增產(chǎn)3.2%及4.9%。增加種植密度兩品種穗粒數(shù)、千粒重均降低,但千粒重降低幅度較低,說明密度主要通過影響穗粒數(shù)影響籽粒庫容;高密度下兩品種籽粒庫容差異不顯著。因此,倒伏率較高,收獲穗數(shù)是較低是LD981增產(chǎn)不顯著的主要原因。高密度條件下,施用氮肥可以通過提高夏玉米穗粒數(shù)、千粒重及公頃穗數(shù),增加子粒產(chǎn)量。增密及施氮均顯著提高兩品種收獲期及花后干物質(zhì)積累量,高密度下兩品種干物重差異不顯著,LD981收獲指數(shù)較低也是其子粒產(chǎn)量較低的一個(gè)重要原因。2.種植密度及施氮對夏玉米抗倒伏性能的影響增加種植密度可提高夏玉米株高、穗位高、基部第三莖節(jié)長度,并顯著降低夏玉米莖粗、莖稈穿刺強(qiáng)度、彎曲性能、硬皮組織厚度、維管束鞘細(xì)胞厚度、維管束數(shù)目。這些指標(biāo)的變化導(dǎo)致高密度下倒伏率的升高,以2014年為例,高密度下LD981及ZD958倒伏率分別為42.8%及14.6。與LD981比較發(fā)現(xiàn),ZD958株高、穗位高較低、莖稈穿刺強(qiáng)度及彎曲性能高、維管束細(xì)胞數(shù)目多,且受密度影響較小是其在高密度下倒伏率較低的主要原因;施用氮肥可以顯著改善夏玉米莖稈質(zhì)量,減少倒伏率。另外,經(jīng)過逐步回歸分析,穗位高及硬皮組織厚度是制約玉米莖稈倒伏的關(guān)鍵因素。3.種植密度及施氮對夏玉米光合特性的影響高密度條件下,兩品種葉面積指數(shù)顯著升高、冠層透光率降低,可以顯著提高群體光能利用率,但葉綠素含量、凈光合速率、光合酶活性顯著降低,說明高密度下容易造成群體內(nèi)光分布不合理,單株光合性能降低;高密度條件下,適當(dāng)施用氮肥可以提高夏玉米葉綠素含量、凈光合速率、光合酶活性,改善植株光合性能。LD981底層透光率過低,株間郁閉,葉片衰老速度快,并且葉綠素含量、凈光合速率及光合酶活性較低是其在高密度下光合性能較低、增產(chǎn)不顯著的重要原因之一。4.種植密度及施氮對夏玉米不同器官~（13)C同化物分配的影響增加種植密度顯著影響~（13)C同化物分配在不同器官分配。吐絲期~（13)C同化物主要分配在莖鞘中,但高密度條件下,~（13)C同化物向莖鞘轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)比例減少,且LD981降低幅度較大;適當(dāng)施氮顯著提高~（13)C同化物向各器官轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)。隨灌漿期的推進(jìn),~（13)C同化物逐漸向子粒中轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),增密降低收獲期子粒中~（13)C同化物分配比例。5.種植密度及施氮對夏玉米碳氮比及氮素吸收、轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)及利用效率的影響增密顯著降低葉片碳氮代謝酶活性,高密度下,施氮顯著降低兩品種碳氮比。高密度條件下,兩品種氮素轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量及轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)率顯著升高,較高的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)率是LD981高密度下衰老速度較快的的重要原因;適當(dāng)施用氮肥盡管氮素轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量顯著增加,但轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)率減低;增密顯著提高兩品種氮肥利用率、氮素農(nóng)學(xué)利用效率及氮肥偏生產(chǎn)力,施氮顯著降低了氮素利用效率。6.種植密度對根系生長的影響ZD958根系受密度影響較小,高密度下,能夠維持相對較高的根量、根長、根系吸收面積及根系活力,且高值持續(xù)期長,生育后期衰老緩慢,保證了植株對氮素吸收;根系大小不是影響氮素吸收的限制因素,植株吸氮量同時(shí)受地上部生長需求所調(diào)控;高密度下ZD958籽粒庫容較高、庫調(diào)節(jié)能力較強(qiáng),使其氮利用效率及氮肥偏生產(chǎn)力顯著高于LD981的主要原因。7.種植密度對穗位葉差異蛋白質(zhì)表達(dá)的影響高密度下,夏玉米穗位葉差異蛋白質(zhì)表達(dá)按主要功能可分為光合作用,代謝,脅迫與防御及蛋白合成、組裝、降解相關(guān)蛋白,LD981受密度影響差異表達(dá)的蛋白點(diǎn)顯著高于ZD958;兩品種均受密度影響顯著差異表達(dá)的蛋白點(diǎn)有12個(gè),功能涉及光合磷酸化、卡爾文循環(huán)、C4途徑、糖酵解、氮同化及逆境脅迫響應(yīng)等生理過程;高密度下兩品種光合磷酸化、卡爾文循環(huán)、C4途徑、糖酵解、氮同化相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)豐度均顯著下調(diào),與高密度下光合性能、碳氮代謝均顯著降低結(jié)果一致;逆境脅迫響應(yīng)相關(guān)蛋白在高密度下表達(dá)豐度上調(diào),減少增密對玉米植株造成的損害;同時(shí)高密度下,ZD958各類蛋白表達(dá)豐度均顯著高于LD981,可能是其耐密植的分子學(xué)基礎(chǔ)。
[Abstract]:Increasing the planting density is one of the main ways to further improve the yield of contemporary maize. However, high yield under high density is often accompanied by a series of problems, such as the yield of single plant and the rise of lodging rate, and the negative effect of high density planting can be effectively reduced. The experiment was conducted in Shandong agriculture in the past 2014-2015 years. At the University of Huang Huai Hai corn science and technology innovation center and the State Key Laboratory for Crop Biology, the compact and tight tolerant variety Zhengdan 958 (ZD958) and Ru Dan 981 (LD981) were used as experimental materials, and 52500 plant /ha (D1) and 82500 /ha (D2) plant density were set up to study the morphology and physiology of different dense summer maize varieties. And the differential proteomic characteristics of the difference response to the density of the density, determine the tolerance mechanism of the dense plant variety; based on this basis, set 0180 and 360kg/ha three nitrogen application levels, and study the effects of Nitrogen Application on the high density of each index. The main results are as follows: 1. density and the effect of Nitrogen Application on the yield and factors of summer maize yield and factors The seed yield of two products could be increased, but the yield increased by 33.7% and 33.1 in.2014 year and ZD958 in 2015, while LD981 increased by 3.2% and 4.9%. only by 3.2% and 4.9%., and the 1000 grain weight decreased, but the 1000 grain weight was lower, indicating that the density was mainly influenced by the number of spike grains and the two varieties under high density. There was no significant difference in grain storage capacity. Therefore, the rate of lodging was higher and the number of harvested ears was lower than that of LD981. Under high density, the application of nitrogen fertilizer could increase the grain yield by increasing the number of spike grains, 1000 grain weight and the number of hectare spikes, and increasing the harvest time of two varieties and the accumulation of dry matter after the application of nitrogen. There was no significant difference in dry matter weight between the two varieties in high density, low LD981 harvest index and low grain yield, and the effect of.2. planting density and nitrogen application on the lodging resistance of summer maize increased the height of the summer maize, the height of the spike, the length of the base third stem nodes, and the decrease of the stem diameter and stem puncture of summer corn. Strength, flexural performance, thickness of hard skin tissue, vascular bundle sheath thickness, vascular bundle number. These changes lead to the increase of lodging rate at high density. In 2014, the LD981 and ZD958 lodging rates at high density were 42.8% and 14.6. were compared with LD981 respectively. The height of ZD958 was higher, the height of ear was lower, and the puncture strength and bending property of stem were high. The main reason for the number of vascular bundle cells and low density is the lower lodging rate at high density. The application of nitrogen fertilizer can significantly improve the quality of summer corn stalk and reduce the lodging rate. In addition, the height of the ear and the thickness of the hard skin tissue are the key factors to restrict the planting density and nitrogen application of.3.. Under the high density condition of Summer Maize Photosynthetic characteristics, the leaf area index of two varieties increased significantly, the light transmittance of canopy decreased, but the chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate and photosynthetic enzyme activity decreased significantly, indicating that the light distribution in the group was unreasonable and the photosynthetic performance of single plant decreased. Under high density, proper application of nitrogen fertilizer could increase the content of chlorophyll, net photosynthetic rate, and photosynthetic enzyme activity, improve the light transmittance of.LD981, lower the light transmittance at the bottom of the plant, the canopy closure and the speed of leaf senescence, and the chlorophyll content, the net photosynthetic rate and the low photosynthetic enzyme activity were low, and the photosynthetic performance was lower at high density and increased. The effect of.4. planting density and nitrogen application on the distribution of ~ (13) C assimilates in different organs of summer maize increased significantly. The planting density significantly affected the distribution of ~ (13) C assimilates in different organs. ~ (13) C assimilates were mainly distributed in the stem sheath, but the transfer ratio of ~ (13) C assimilates to the stem sheath was reduced under high density. And LD981 decreased significantly; proper nitrogen application significantly enhanced the transfer of ~ (13) C assimilates to various organs. With the advance of the grain filling period, ~ (13) C assimilates were gradually transported to the grain, and the density of ~ (13) C assimilates in the grain of harvest and the effect of nitrogen application on the ratio of Xia Yu's carbon and nitrogen and nitrogen absorption, transport and utilization efficiency were increased. Density significantly reduced the activity of carbon and nitrogen metabolizing enzymes in leaves. Under high density, nitrogen application was significantly reduced by two varieties. Under high density, nitrogen transport and transport rate of two varieties increased significantly. The higher transport rate was an important reason for fast aging at LD981 high density. Increasing density significantly increased nitrogen use efficiency of two varieties, nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen partial productivity, nitrogen application efficiency significantly reduced the effect of nitrogen use efficiency.6. planting density on root growth, ZD958 root density was less affected, high density, can maintain a relatively high root, root length, root absorption area and root activity, With the long duration of high value and slow aging in the late stage of fertility, the plant's absorption of nitrogen is guaranteed. The size of the root is not a limiting factor of nitrogen absorption, and the amount of nitrogen uptake is regulated by the demand for the growth of the upper part of the plant. The grain storage capacity of ZD958 is higher and the storage capacity is stronger, which makes the nitrogen use efficiency and partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer are significantly higher than that of LD. The main reason for 981 is the effect of.7. planting density on the expression of protein expression in ear and leaf. The protein expression of spike leaf difference in summer maize can be divided into photosynthesis, metabolism, stress and defense and protein synthesis, assembly, degradation of related proteins, and the protein points of LD981 are significantly higher than that of ZD958; two varieties are significantly higher than those of ZD958; There were 12 protein points that were significantly affected by density. The functions involved photophosphorylation, Calvin cycle, C4 pathway, glycolysis, nitrogen assimilation and stress response. The expression of two varieties under high density photosynthetic phosphorylation, Calvin cycle, C4 pathway, glycolysis, nitrogen assimilation related protein expression abundances were significantly down, and high density Under the high density, the expression abundances of the response related proteins up up and reduced the damage to the maize plants. At the same time, the expression abundances of all kinds of ZD958 proteins were significantly higher than that of LD981.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：S513

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