發(fā)布時間：2018-05-29 02:32

  本文選題：包膜尿素 + 土壤養(yǎng)分��； 參考：《浙江大學》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：本文以樹脂和硫加樹脂包膜尿素為試驗材料,研究了包膜尿素養(yǎng)分釋放與水稻養(yǎng)分吸收的同步性,同時通過田間試驗和室內(nèi)研究評價了包膜尿素的短期應(yīng)用效果和長期肥料效應(yīng)。主要結(jié)果如下:1、研究表明冷凍干燥重量法與化學法測定的結(jié)果高度一致。樹脂包膜尿素在水稻生育期內(nèi)能釋放75%-80%的氮素。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)裝有10.0g樹脂包膜尿素網(wǎng)袋內(nèi)肥料的養(yǎng)分釋放率要高于3.0g處理,表施樹脂包膜尿素的養(yǎng)分釋放率要高于深施。2、與普通尿素相比,包膜尿素能提高水稻產(chǎn)量。樹脂包膜尿素在田間的釋放模式與室內(nèi)結(jié)果一致,而硫加樹脂包膜尿素要遠高于室內(nèi)。包膜尿素增加了水稻地上部干物質(zhì)積累與氮吸收,并提高了水稻的氮肥利用率,其中樹脂包膜尿素的效果要優(yōu)于硫加樹脂包膜尿素。施用樹脂包膜尿素處理的水稻氮肥利用率達到50%,而一次性施用普通尿素處理的僅為17%。3、在包膜尿素用量梯度試驗中秈粳雜交稻增產(chǎn)優(yōu)勢明顯。水稻產(chǎn)量與包膜尿素施用量呈開口向下的二次曲線,最高產(chǎn)量的包膜尿素用量約為225kgNha-1。甬優(yōu)12和甬優(yōu)538的干物質(zhì)積累顯著高于晚粳稻秀水134與嘉58。四個品種的氮肥表觀利用率均較高。缺磷和缺鉀會影響水稻的氮肥表觀利用率。在300kgNha-1施肥量下,甬優(yōu)12的磷肥表觀利用率只有3.9%,而甬優(yōu)538的磷肥與鉀肥表觀利用率分別為16.7%和37.8%。4、各處理土壤銨態(tài)氮濃度隨時間推移不斷下降。一次性普通尿素和硫加樹脂包膜尿素處理的土壤銨態(tài)氮要明顯高于其他處理,而樹脂包膜尿素處理的土壤銨態(tài)氮處于較低水平。整個生育期內(nèi)土壤pH存在0.4個單位的波動,硫加樹脂包膜尿素處理的土壤pH沒有顯著降低。土壤速效鉀逐漸減少,而土壤有機質(zhì)和土壤全氮維持一定水平。5、研究發(fā)現(xiàn)長期施用包膜尿素并未降低土壤pH,尤其是深層土壤。肥料減量施用并未造成土壤有機質(zhì)、銨態(tài)氮與硝態(tài)氮等的下降。施用硫加樹脂包膜尿素的表層土壤硫酸鹽含量較高。礦化試驗表明土壤的礦化速率隨著土層深度增加而下降,而同一土層不同處理的土壤礦化速率相當。溫室盆栽試驗結(jié)果表明試驗處理土壤的基礎(chǔ)生產(chǎn)力受到肥料品種的影響。大田空白區(qū)的土壤有更多的產(chǎn)出,包膜尿素處理的產(chǎn)出下降,而普通尿素較差。6、覆膜旱作可以維持土壤pH,卻降低了表層(0-10cm)的土壤有機質(zhì)等。碎米薺、通泉草和看麥娘是冬季主要雜草。多元統(tǒng)計分析表明表層土壤速效鉀含量與冬閑期雜草群落結(jié)構(gòu)有很大關(guān)系。樹脂包膜尿素對雜草群落結(jié)構(gòu)的影響不顯著。不施氮肥處理具有最大的春季雜草發(fā)生量。綜上所述,一次性包膜尿素可以提高水稻產(chǎn)量和地上部干物質(zhì)積累。無論是當季水稻生產(chǎn),還是長期施用,包膜尿素均不會對土壤養(yǎng)分造成顯著影響。同時包膜尿素的長期施用不會顯著降低稻田雜草多樣性。本地區(qū)不同基因型水稻的包膜尿素一次性推薦施用量均為225kgNha-1。
[Abstract]:In this paper, resin and sulphur coated urea coated urea were used as experimental materials to study the synchronism of nutrient release of coated urea and nutrient absorption of rice. At the same time, the short-term application effect and long-term fertilizer effect of coated urea were evaluated through field experiments and laboratory studies. The main results were as follows: 1. The study showed that the freeze drying gravimetric method and chemical method were found. The resin coated urea can release 75%-80% nitrogen in the rice growth period. The study found that the nutrient release rate of the fertilizer contained in the 10.0g resin coated urea net bag is higher than that of the 3.0g treatment. The nutrient release rate of the coated urea coated urea is higher than that of the deep.2, and the coated urea can increase the rice yield compared with the universal urea. The release mode of resin coated urea in the field is consistent with the indoor results, while the sulphur coated urea coated urea is far higher than that in the room. The coated urea increases the accumulation of dry matter and nitrogen absorption in the upper part of the rice, and improves the nitrogen use efficiency of rice, in which the effect of resin coated urea is better than that of the resin coated urea. The utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer in rice treated with urea was 50%, but only 17%.3 was treated with ordinary urea. In the gradient test of coated urea, the increase of yield of Indica and japonica hybrid rice was obvious. The two curve of rice yield and coated urea application was down. The maximum yield of coated urea was about 225kgNha-1. Yong you 12 and Yong. The dry matter accumulation of you 538 was significantly higher than that of the late japonica rice Xiushui 134 and the Jia 58. four varieties with higher apparent utilization ratio of nitrogen fertilizer. The phosphorus deficiency and potassium deficiency would affect the apparent utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer in rice. Under 300kgNha-1 fertilization, the apparent utilization rate of phosphate fertilizer of Yong you 12 was only 3.9%, while the apparent utilization rate of phosphorus fertilizer and potash fertilizer was 16.7% and 37.8, respectively. %.4, the concentration of ammonium nitrogen in soil decreased with time. The ammonium nitrogen in soil treated with disposable ordinary urea and resin coated urea was significantly higher than that of other treatments, while the soil ammonium nitrogen treated with resin coated urea was at a lower level. There were 0.4 units of soil pH in the whole growth period. Soil pH did not decrease significantly. Soil available potassium decreased gradually, while soil organic matter and soil total nitrogen maintained a certain level of.5. The study found that long-term application of coated urea did not reduce soil pH, especially deep soil. Fertilizer reduction application did not cause soil organic matter, ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen and so on. The sulphate content in the surface soil of the lipid coated urea was higher. The mineralization test showed that the mineralization rate of soil decreased with the increase of soil depth, but the rate of soil mineralization was equal to the same soil layer. The results of greenhouse pot experiment showed that the basic productivity of the soil was influenced by the fertilizer varieties. With more output, the output of coated urea decreased, while the common urea was poor.6, the soil pH was maintained in the soil, but the soil organic matter in the surface layer (0-10cm) was reduced. The main weeds were the chestnut, the spring grass and the maicang. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that the content of available potassium in the surface soil and the structure of the weeds in the winter leisure period were very important. The effect of resin coated urea on weeds community structure was not significant. No nitrogen fertilizer treatment had the largest amount of spring weeds in the spring. To sum up, the one-time coated urea could improve the rice yield and the accumulation of dry matter in the upper part of the ground. Both in the rice production and in the long term, the coated urea would not cause the soil nutrients. The long-term application of coated urea does not significantly reduce the diversity of rice field weeds. The recommended application of coated urea in different genotypes of rice in the region is 225kgNha-1.
【學位授予單位】：浙江大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S511;S145.6

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