發(fā)布時間：2018-05-29 02:11

  本文選題：灌水方式與用量 + 施氮方式與用量��； 參考：《西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：面對世界范圍內(nèi)普遍存在的水、肥利用率低造成的資源浪費與環(huán)境污染問題,如何通過水肥聯(lián)合調(diào)控充分挖掘作物自身對水分、養(yǎng)分等環(huán)境因子的適應(yīng)潛力,實現(xiàn)作物優(yōu)質(zhì)高產(chǎn)、水肥利用效率提高成為大家關(guān)注的焦點問題。分根區(qū)交替灌溉技術(shù)(APRI)自提出以來獲得了良好的節(jié)水效益,但APRI下水肥耦合效應(yīng)的研究較少受到關(guān)注。為更好發(fā)揮APRI的節(jié)水效果,亟需對APRI下的水氮耦合方式與機制展開研究。本文以金西北22號制種玉米為供試作物,采用壟植溝灌技術(shù),于2013年和2014年在農(nóng)業(yè)部作物高效用水武威科學(xué)觀測試驗站進行田間試驗(小區(qū)呈東西走向),對不同灌水方式(均勻隔溝灌溉CI、交替隔溝灌溉AI和固定隔溝灌溉FI)和施氮方式(均勻施氮CN、交替施氮AN和固定施氮FN)下土壤水肥環(huán)境和作物根系及地上部的生長狀況進行系統(tǒng)研究。在此基礎(chǔ)上,針對APRI灌溉方式,研究不同灌水下限(55%Fc、65%Fc和75%Fc)和施氮水平(100 kg N hm-2、200 kg N hm-2和300 kg N hm-2,分別記作N1、N2和N3)對作物生長和水氮利用的影響;同時,分析不同灌溉制度(全生育期充分供水CK、苗期中度虧水T1、苗期重度虧水T2、穗期中度虧水T3、穗期重度虧水T4、花粒期中度虧水T5和花粒期重度虧水T6)對作物耗水規(guī)律和作物系數(shù)的影響,構(gòu)建作物水分生產(chǎn)函數(shù),確定APRI下作物的適宜灌溉制度。取得如下重要進展:(1)研究了不同灌水施氮方式下制種玉米的干物質(zhì)積累過程、籽粒產(chǎn)量和作物對水分的利用。各處理的干物質(zhì)積累過程均符合Logistic方程:X=K?1+ae-bt累上限K值有所不同:任一灌水方式下,AN與CN明顯大于FN;任一施氮方式下,AICIFI(P0.05);且交替隔溝灌溉均勻施氮(AC)和交替隔溝灌溉交替施氮水氮同區(qū)(AAT)的K值最大。與其他灌水施氮方式相比,AC、AAT和交替隔溝灌溉交替施氮水氮異區(qū)(AAY)下籽粒干物質(zhì)量以及其占總干物質(zhì)積累量的比例明顯增加。不同灌水施氮方式下制種玉米穗數(shù)、籽粒產(chǎn)量、收獲指數(shù)和水分利用效率(WUE)的表現(xiàn)與K值類似。可見,交替隔溝灌溉交替施氮(水氮同區(qū))或交替隔溝灌溉均勻施氮有利于提高制種玉米的籽粒產(chǎn)量和水分利用效率。(2)研究了不同灌水施氮方式下制種玉米拔節(jié)期、大喇叭口期、抽雄期、灌漿期和成熟期植株北側(cè)、植株南側(cè)和植株下0~100 cm土層中的土壤水分和土壤NO_3~--N分布。結(jié)果表明,灌漿期,多數(shù)監(jiān)測時期,灌水方式相同時,植株南、北兩側(cè)灌水前的土壤水含量僅在不同施氮方式間差異顯著,且CN與AN間的土壤含水量無顯著差異,CI時FN下施氮側(cè)的土壤含水量較未施氮側(cè)增大。多數(shù)情況下,同一灌水方式下,FN下施氮側(cè)的土壤NO_3~--N含量較未施氮側(cè)增大;同一施氮方式下,與CI相比,AI處理植株下0~40 cm土層中土壤NO_3~--N含量增大。較其它灌水施氮方式,AC、AAT和AAY下土壤NO_3~--N含量在植株南、北兩側(cè)間無顯著差異且在0~40 cm土層較大。說明交替隔溝灌溉配合均勻施氮或交替施氮有利于土壤NO_3~--N較長時間地均勻分布在0~40 cm土層。(3)研究了灌水施氮方式對制種玉米根系生長分布及其隨生育期變化動態(tài)的影響。結(jié)果表明,灌漿期,0~40 cm土層,AI/CI與AN/CN結(jié)合時,植株南、北兩側(cè)的根長密度無顯著差異;而FI與FN結(jié)合時,植株南、北兩側(cè)的根長密度差異顯著。多數(shù)情況下,0~40 cm土層,任一施氮方式下,與CI和FI相比,AI增加植株下的根長密度;任一灌水方式下,與CN與AN相比,FN減小植株下的根長密度。AAT、AAY和AC下的根長密度最大。AC、AAT和AAY下0~100 cm土層的總根量(總根長、總根干質(zhì)量和總根表面積)最大�？梢�,交替隔溝灌溉交替施氮或交替隔溝灌溉均勻施氮不但有利于制種玉米的根系分布相對均勻,而且促進根系的生長。制種玉米的籽粒產(chǎn)量Y(kg hm-2)與灌漿期0~40 cm土層的根長密度(cm cm-3)、根干質(zhì)量密度(mg cm-3)和根表面積密度(cm2 cm-3)間的關(guān)系符合指數(shù)模型Y=2102X11.03X20.92X30.45和多項式模型Y =2272.98 1937.21X1+ 3553.85X2-2581.76X1X2。(4)研究了灌水施氮方式對制種玉米氮素吸收利用的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)任一施氮方式下,與CI相比,AI下作物對氮素的吸收量和氮素利用效率(NUE)明顯增加;任一灌水方式下,與CN和AN相比,FN下作物的吸氮量和NUE明顯減少。AAT和AC下作物的氮素利用效率最大。說明交替隔溝灌溉交替施氮(水氮同區(qū))或交替隔溝灌溉均勻施氮有利于提高制種玉米的氮素利用效率。15N示蹤研究的結(jié)果表明,施氮方式相同時,與CI相比,AI下作物吸收肥料氮量明顯增加,且AI下作物對肥料氮的吸收率(26.57%~29.01%)與肥料氮的損失率(25.78%~27.41%)接近;而CI下作物對肥料氮的吸收率(22.93%~23.78%)明顯小于肥料氮的損失率(34.37%~34.88%)。說明與傳統(tǒng)隔溝灌溉相比,交替隔溝灌溉促進制種玉米對肥料氮的吸收,減少肥料氮的損失。(5)研究了APRI下不同灌水下限和施氮水平對制種玉米生長及產(chǎn)量形成的影響。任一施氮水平下,與55%Fc相比,65%Fc下制種玉米的生長速率、株高、莖粗和葉面積指數(shù)均明顯增加。任一灌水下限下,與N1相比,N2下制種玉米的上述指標(biāo)均明顯增加。75%Fc配合N2/N3各項指標(biāo)最大。不同灌水下限和施氮水平下制種玉米的地上部生物量、穗數(shù)、穗粒數(shù)、籽粒產(chǎn)量及收獲指數(shù)與其生長速率的表現(xiàn)類似。說明APRI下75%Fc配合200 kg N hm-2或300 kg N hm-2可以維持制種玉米地上部的旺盛生長并獲得最高籽粒產(chǎn)量。灌水下限和施氮水平的交互作用對制種玉米的生物量和籽粒產(chǎn)量有顯著影響:N1水平下灌水下限在55%Fc~65%Fc范圍增大,可以提高作物的生物量和籽粒產(chǎn)量;類似地,高灌水下限75%Fc時,增加施氮水平可提高玉米籽粒產(chǎn)量,但灌水下限在55%Fc時,200 kg N hm-2以上進一步增加施氮量并不能使生物量和籽粒產(chǎn)量持續(xù)增加。說明在一定范圍內(nèi),水肥用量間存在補償效應(yīng);協(xié)調(diào)灌水下限和施氮水平才能提高APRI下制種玉米的籽粒產(chǎn)量。(6)研究了APRI下不同灌水下限和施氮水平對制種玉米水分及氮素吸收利用的影響。結(jié)果表明,任一施氮水平下,WUE表現(xiàn)為65%Fc75%Fc55%Fc(P0.05);任一灌水下限下,N2和N3的WUE較N1明顯增大。65%Fc配合N2/N3獲得最大的WUE。任一施氮水平下,65%Fc與75%Fc間作物的吸氮量和NUE無顯著差異,但較55%Fc明顯增大;任一灌水下限下,N2和N3的吸氮量較N1明顯增大。隨著施氮水平的增加,NUE明顯減少而收獲后0~100 cm土層土壤NO_3~--N殘留量明顯增加�？梢�,APRI下協(xié)調(diào)灌水下限和施氮水平是提高作物水、氮利用效率的前提。65%Fc配合200 kg N hm-2可以在維持制種玉米籽粒產(chǎn)量的條件下,使WUE和NUE相對較高,且降低收獲后0~100 cm土層土壤NO_3~--N的殘留量。(7)分析了APRI下不同灌溉制度對制種玉米耗水規(guī)律、作物系數(shù)Kc、籽粒產(chǎn)量和WUE的影響。結(jié)果表明,任一生育期虧水均使得作物的耗水強度和Kc降低。與CK相比,T2、T3、T4、T5和T6的籽粒產(chǎn)量顯著下降,而T1無顯著差異,且耗水量較CK下降20.41%。表明APRI下苗期中度虧水可明顯提高制種玉米的水分利用效率�；�于Jensen模型,獲得制種玉米在播種-拔節(jié)、拔節(jié)-抽雄、抽雄-灌漿和灌漿-成熟期的虧水敏感指數(shù)λi分別為0.03、0.72、0.60和0.13。說明制種玉米拔節(jié)-抽雄、抽雄-灌漿階段對缺水的敏感程度遠大于灌漿-成熟和播種-拔節(jié)階段。綜合作物耗水規(guī)律、產(chǎn)量、WUE和階段水分生產(chǎn)函數(shù),獲得APRI下制種玉米的經(jīng)濟灌溉定額為2400 m3 hm-2。利用動態(tài)規(guī)劃法確立制種玉米的優(yōu)化灌溉制度為:拔節(jié)-抽雄期灌水3次,播種-拔節(jié)、抽雄-灌漿和灌漿-成熟期各灌水2次。其中,拔節(jié)前灌水定額采用180 m3 hm-2,拔節(jié)-灌漿時灌水定額為330 m3 hm-2,灌漿-成熟時灌水定額為195m3 hm-2。
[Abstract]:In the face of the widespread water and low fertilizer utilization rate in the world, the problem of resource waste and environmental pollution is caused by low fertilizer utilization rate. How to fully tap the adaptation potential of crop itself to water and nutrients and other environmental factors through the joint regulation and control of water and fertilizer, to realize high quality and high yield of crops, and to raise the efficiency of water and fertilizer utilization have become the focus of attention. The irrigation technology (APRI) has obtained good water-saving benefits since it was proposed, but the research on the coupling effect of APRI water and fertilizer is less concerned. In order to better play the water-saving effect of APRI, it is urgent to study the coupling mode and mechanism of water and nitrogen under APRI. This paper takes the 22 seed jade rice in the northwest of Jin as the test crop, using ridge planting furrow irrigation technology, in 2013 Field experiments were carried out in Wuwei scientific observation station in Wuwei for high efficiency water use in the Ministry of agriculture in 2014. The soil water and fertilizer environment and crop roots under different irrigation methods (uniform ditch irrigation CI, alternate furrow irrigation AI and fixed ditch irrigation FI) and nitrogen application (uniform nitrogen application CN, alternate nitrogen AN and fixed nitrogen FN) On the basis of APRI irrigation, the effects of different irrigation limits (55%Fc, 65%Fc and 75%Fc) and nitrogen application levels (100 kg N hm-2200 kg N hm-2 and 300 kg N) on crop growth and water and nitrogen utilization were studied on this basis. Adequate water supply CK, moderate water loss in seedling stage T1, severe water loss at seedling stage T2, moderate water loss at ear stage T3, T4 of severe water loss at spike stage, T5 of moderate water loss at the spike stage, T5 of moderate water in flower grain period and T6 of severe deficient water in flower grain period, the crop water production function and suitable irrigation system under APRI are constructed, and the following important progress is obtained: (1) research The accumulation process of dry matter in Maize under different irrigation and irrigation, grain yield and crop water use. The accumulation process of dry matter in each treatment is in accordance with the Logistic equation: the upper limit K of X=K? 1+ae-bt is different: under any irrigation method, AN and CN are obviously larger than FN, AICIFI (P0.05), and alternate furrow under any nitrogen application. The K value of AAT was the largest in alternating nitrogen application (AC) and alternately ditch irrigation. Compared with other irrigation methods, the grain dry matter quality and the proportion of total dry matter accumulation were significantly increased under the alternate nitrogen water and nitrogen application zone (AAY) of AC, AAT and alternate furrow irrigation. The performance of grain yield, harvest index and water use efficiency (WUE) was similar to that of K. It can be seen that the alternate nitrogen application (water and nitrogen same zone) or alternate ditch irrigation can improve the grain yield and water use efficiency of maize. (2) study the elongation stage and flared stage of maize seed production under different irrigation methods. Soil water and soil NO_3~--N distribution in the northern side of the filling stage and the mature stage, the southern side of the plant and the 0~100 cm soil layer under the plant. The results showed that the soil water content in the South and north sides of the plant was only significant when the irrigation mode was the same, and the soil water content between the two sides of the north and north of the plant was the same, and the soil between CN and AN was contained in the filling period. There was no significant difference in water content, the soil water content in the nitrogen application side at CI FN was larger than that in the non nitrogen application side. Under the same irrigation mode, the soil NO_3~--N content in the nitrogen application side under FN was larger than that in the non nitrogen application side. Under the same nitrogen application way, the soil NO_3~--N content in the 0~40 cm soil layer under the AI treatment plant increased. Compared with the CI, the content of the soil in the 0~40 cm soil layer was increased. Compared with the other irrigation methods, the content of the soil was higher than that of the other irrigation methods. There was no significant difference in soil NO_3~--N content between AC, AAT and AAY in the South and north of the plant, and there was no significant difference between the north and north sides of the plant and the larger layer in the 0~40 cm soil. It was suggested that the alternately ditch irrigation combined with the uniform nitrogen application or alternate nitrogen application was beneficial for the soil NO_3~--N to be evenly distributed in the 0~40 cm soil for a long time. (3) the growth and distribution of maize root system by irrigation and nitrogen application was studied. The results showed that there was no significant difference in root length density between the South and north sides of the 0~40 cm soil layer at the filling period, the 0~40 cm soil layer, and the north side of the plant, while FI and FN combined, the root length density difference between the South and north sides of the plant was significant. In most cases, 0~40 cm soil, under any nitrogen application, compared with CI and FI, AI increased plants under the plant. Compared with CN and AN, FN decreased the root length density.AAT under the plant and the maximum root length density under AAY and AC.AC, and the total root length (total root length, total root dry mass and total root surface area) of 0~100 cm soil under AAT and AAY. The root distribution of seed maize was relatively uniform and the root growth was promoted. The seed yield of Y (kg hm-2) and the root length density (CM cm-3) of the 0~40 cm soil layer at the grain filling stage, the relationship between the root dry mass density (mg cm-3) and the root surface area density (cm2 cm-3) were consistent with the exponential model Y=2102X11.03X20.92X30.45 and polynomial model. 1937.21X1+ 3553.85X2-2581.76X1X2. (4) studied the effect of irrigation and nitrogen application on nitrogen absorption and utilization of Maize in seed production. It was found that the uptake of nitrogen and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of crops under AI were significantly increased under any type of nitrogen application, compared with CI. Compared with CN and AN, the amount of nitrogen absorption and NUE significantly reduced.A under FN. The nitrogen utilization efficiency of crops under AT and AC was the greatest. It was suggested that alternate nitrogen application in alternate ditch irrigation (water and nitrogen same zone) or alternate ditch irrigation could improve the nitrogen use efficiency of seed corn by.15N tracer study. The results showed that when the nitrogen application was the same, compared with CI, the amount of fertilizer nitrogen absorbed by crops increased obviously under AI, and the crop under AI was under the same way. The absorption rate of fertilizer nitrogen (26.57%~29.01%) was close to the loss rate of fertilizer nitrogen (25.78%~27.41%), while the uptake rate of fertilizer nitrogen (22.93%~23.78%) under CI was significantly lower than that of fertilizer nitrogen (34.37%~34.88%). It showed that the alternate furrow irrigation promoted the absorption of fertilizer nitrogen and reduced fertilizer nitrogen compared with the traditional ditch irrigation. (5) the effects of different irrigation limits and nitrogen levels on the growth and yield formation of Maize under APRI were studied. Under any nitrogen application level, the growth rate, plant height, stem diameter and leaf area index of Maize under 65%Fc were increased significantly compared with 55%Fc. Under any irrigation lower limit, the above indexes of Maize under N2 were all clear. There was a significant increase in the indexes of.75%Fc and N2/N3. The aboveground biomass, the number of spikes, the number of spikes, the grain yield and the harvest index were similar to that of the growth rate under the different irrigation lower limits and nitrogen application levels, indicating that 75%Fc combined with 200 kg N hm-2 or 300 kg N hm-2 under APRI could maintain the exuberant growth of the top of the seed corn. The interaction of the lower irrigation limit and the nitrogen application level has a significant effect on the biomass and grain yield of the seed corn. The increase of the lower limit of water under the N1 level in the range of 55%Fc~65%Fc can increase the biomass and grain yield of the crops. Similarly, when the lower limit of irrigation is 75%Fc, the increase of nitrogen application level can increase the grain yield of corn. Quantity, but the lower limit of irrigation in 55%Fc, 200 kg N hm-2 above the increase of nitrogen application does not increase the biomass and grain yield. It shows that there is a compensation effect between the amount of water and fertilizer in a certain range, and the coordination of the lower limit of irrigation and the level of nitrogen can improve the grain yield of the maize under APRI. (6) the different irrigation limits under APRI are studied. The effect of nitrogen level on the water and nitrogen absorption and utilization of maize was found. The results showed that WUE showed 65%Fc75%Fc55%Fc (P0.05) at any nitrogen application level. Under the lower limit of any irrigation, the WUE of N2 and N3 increased obviously with.65%Fc and N2/N3 to obtain the maximum WUE. any nitrogen application level, and there was no significant difference in the amount of nitrogen absorption between 65%Fc and 75%Fc crops. The amount of nitrogen absorption of N2 and N3 increased obviously than that of N1 under any irrigation lower limit. With the increase of nitrogen application level, NUE decreased obviously and the NO_3~--N residue in 0~100 cm soil layer after harvest was obviously increased. It was found that the coordinated irrigation lower limit and nitrogen application level under APRI were the precondition of raising crop water and nitrogen use efficiency with the 200 K.65%Fc and 200 K. G N hm-2 can make WUE and NUE relatively high and reduce the residual amount of NO_3~--N in 0~100 cm soil layer after harvest. (7) the effects of different irrigation systems on the water consumption law, crop coefficient Kc, grain yield and WUE are analyzed under APRI. Water consumption intensity and Kc decreased. Compared with CK, the grain yield of T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 decreased significantly, but T1 had no significant difference, and the water consumption was less than CK 20.41%. indicated that the moderate water loss in the seedling stage could obviously improve the water use efficiency of the seed corn. Based on the Jensen model, the seed corn was obtained by sowing, jointing, pulling male and filling the male grain. The water loss sensitivity index (I) of the grain filling and the maturity stage was 0.03,0.72,0.60 and 0.13., respectively, indicating the jointing and pulling out of the maize, and the sensitivity of the male to the grain filling stage was much greater than that of the grain filling and the sowing and jointing stage. The water consumption law, the yield, the WUE and the stage water yield function of the integrated crop were obtained, and the economic irrigation of the maize under APRI was obtained. The quota is 2400 m3 hm-2. using the dynamic programming method to establish the optimal irrigation system for maize seed production: 3 times of irrigation, sowing, jointing, sowing, jointing, grouting and filling - mature period 2 times each. The irrigation quota before jointing is 180 m3 hm-2, the irrigation and filling quota is 330 m3 hm-2 at jointing and grouting, and the filling quota is 195m3 Hm-2.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S513;S275
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本文編號：1949096