從“處境中的自由”看薩特前期哲學與文學的錯位
發(fā)布時間：2019-03-12 10:26
【摘要】：薩特不但是法國存在主義哲學的重要代表,還是一位頗具影響的作家,一生中創(chuàng)作了大量的哲學著作、小說及戲劇劇本。作為哲學家的薩特與作為文學家的薩特總是被聯(lián)系在一起,但將二者加以對比則會發(fā)現(xiàn),在“處境中的自由”這個問題上,薩特前期的哲學思想與文學寫作是存在錯位的�！叭说淖杂伞笔撬_特哲學的中心議題。薩特從他的存在主義哲學出發(fā),將自由和人的存在緊密聯(lián)系在一起,指出人的存在就是人的自由。但是,由于薩特真正關心的是人的生存問題,因此他并不滿足于將“自由”的論證停留在超驗-本體的層面,而是承認了“自由是處于具體處境中的”這一事實。所以,幾乎在薩特的所有作品中都能看到自由和處境這兩個主題,或者說是同一主題的兩個方面:處境中的自由。人是如何在處境中追求自由的,這不僅僅是薩特哲學想要論證的目標,同時,薩特也通過其文學作品探討了這個問題。在《存在與虛無》中,薩特認為自由的絕對性是在任何處境中都不能被否定的,因為所有處境都是自由選擇的結果:自由首先賦予處境以意義,然后將其塑造為具體的處境。可以看到,雖然薩特在《存在與虛無》中對處境中的自由做了大篇幅的論證,但由于對人的存在的描述缺乏歷史的維度,他終究未能將其自由觀點從本體論層面過渡到現(xiàn)實經驗世界。但是當這種自由落實在具體的文學文本中時,它是通過人的具體選擇以現(xiàn)實的、歷史的方式呈現(xiàn)出來的:薩特文學作品的現(xiàn)實主義傾向使其中的人物總是囿于一個無法回避的具體處境,人的自由受到了各種極限處境的壓迫。正是由于以上原因,薩特前期的哲學與文學產生了錯位。薩特的自由思想在后期經歷了較大的轉變,他注意到由于缺乏對行動的具體條件和現(xiàn)實社會環(huán)境的認識,絕對自由是無法實現(xiàn)的。但從內在看,這種轉變在其文學作品中一直有跡可循,可以說,在某種意義上,薩特正是通過文學介入的方式實踐了他的自由觀,并在一定程度上紓解了其中的內在矛盾。
[Abstract]:Sartre is not only an important representative of French existentialism philosophy, but also an influential writer. He has written a lot of philosophical works, novels and drama plays in his life. Sartre, as a philosopher, and Sartre, as a writer, are always associated with each other, but by comparing them, it can be found that there is a misalignment between Sartre's early philosophical thoughts and literary writing on the issue of "freedom in a situation". Man's Freedom is the central topic of Sartre's philosophy. From his existentialist philosophy, Sartre closely linked freedom with human being and pointed out that human existence is human freedom. However, because Sartre is really concerned about the problem of human existence, he is not satisfied with putting the argument of "freedom" on the transcendental-ontological level, but concedes the fact that "freedom is in a concrete situation". So, in almost all of Sartre's works, we can see the two themes of freedom and situation, or two aspects of the same subject: freedom in a situation. It is not only the aim of Sartre's philosophy to prove how man pursues freedom in his situation, but also discusses this problem through his literary works. In being and Nothingness, Sartre argues that the absolute nature of freedom cannot be denied in any situation, for all situations are the result of free choice: freedom first gives meaning to the situation and then shapes it into a concrete situation. It can be seen that although Sartre did a great deal of argumentation about freedom in the situation in "being and nothingness", because of the lack of historical dimensions of the description of human existence, After all, he failed to transition his view of freedom from ontological level to the real world of experience. But when this freedom is implemented in concrete literary texts, it is realistic through man's specific choices. The historical way shows: the realistic tendency of Sartre's literary works makes the characters always confined to a specific situation which cannot be avoided, and the freedom of man is oppressed by all kinds of extreme situations. It is because of the above reasons that Sartre's early philosophy and literature have been misplaced. Sartre's idea of freedom has undergone a great change in the later period, and he notes that absolute freedom cannot be realized because of the lack of understanding of the concrete conditions of action and the realistic social environment. But from the internal point of view, this kind of change has always been followed in his literary works. It can be said that, in a certain sense, Sartre practiced his view of freedom through literary intervention, and to a certain extent alleviated the internal contradictions among them.
【學位授予單位】：上海師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：I01
本文編號：2438693
[Abstract]:Sartre is not only an important representative of French existentialism philosophy, but also an influential writer. He has written a lot of philosophical works, novels and drama plays in his life. Sartre, as a philosopher, and Sartre, as a writer, are always associated with each other, but by comparing them, it can be found that there is a misalignment between Sartre's early philosophical thoughts and literary writing on the issue of "freedom in a situation". Man's Freedom is the central topic of Sartre's philosophy. From his existentialist philosophy, Sartre closely linked freedom with human being and pointed out that human existence is human freedom. However, because Sartre is really concerned about the problem of human existence, he is not satisfied with putting the argument of "freedom" on the transcendental-ontological level, but concedes the fact that "freedom is in a concrete situation". So, in almost all of Sartre's works, we can see the two themes of freedom and situation, or two aspects of the same subject: freedom in a situation. It is not only the aim of Sartre's philosophy to prove how man pursues freedom in his situation, but also discusses this problem through his literary works. In being and Nothingness, Sartre argues that the absolute nature of freedom cannot be denied in any situation, for all situations are the result of free choice: freedom first gives meaning to the situation and then shapes it into a concrete situation. It can be seen that although Sartre did a great deal of argumentation about freedom in the situation in "being and nothingness", because of the lack of historical dimensions of the description of human existence, After all, he failed to transition his view of freedom from ontological level to the real world of experience. But when this freedom is implemented in concrete literary texts, it is realistic through man's specific choices. The historical way shows: the realistic tendency of Sartre's literary works makes the characters always confined to a specific situation which cannot be avoided, and the freedom of man is oppressed by all kinds of extreme situations. It is because of the above reasons that Sartre's early philosophy and literature have been misplaced. Sartre's idea of freedom has undergone a great change in the later period, and he notes that absolute freedom cannot be realized because of the lack of understanding of the concrete conditions of action and the realistic social environment. But from the internal point of view, this kind of change has always been followed in his literary works. It can be said that, in a certain sense, Sartre practiced his view of freedom through literary intervention, and to a certain extent alleviated the internal contradictions among them.
【學位授予單位】：上海師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：I01
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