發(fā)布時間：2018-08-08 14:09

【摘要】：現(xiàn)代國家正常運行的必要條件是行政權力的存在，行政權力作為國家強大公權力的一種，其行使特點是有國家強制力作為后盾，但是權力愈大愈容易失去控制，如果其在行使的過程中被濫用勢必會對公民的權利造成侵犯。而作為行政權力核心的自由裁量權也存在同樣的問題。比例原則的目的是平衡公民權利和國家權力之間的態(tài)勢，其目標是保障公民權益、實現(xiàn)實質(zhì)正義。比例原則在域外國家的發(fā)展與實踐，驗證了其作為行政法領域的重要原則所具有的功效，尤其是在規(guī)范行政自由裁量權行使、保護公民權利等方面的作用十分明顯，因此被認為具有“帝王條款”的地位。然而，我國學術界對比例原則的功能與地位尚未形成統(tǒng)一的認識。在我國實踐中，存在大量自由裁量權被肆意濫用的情形，極大地危及了我國公民權利的保護。所以，比例原則在我國的適用具有極其重要的意義。 比例原則在行政法領域的適用，要求行政主體對國家公共利益的實現(xiàn)與公民利益受侵害之間的關系進行衡量，選擇有利于保護后者的方式。如果實現(xiàn)行政目標所采取的措施不符合比例關系，為公民權利帶來一些不利影響，，將有礙于行政管理職能的實現(xiàn)。所以，行政主體在行使裁量權過程中要全面、均衡地進行利益衡量，將不利的影響和損害控制在最小的范圍之內(nèi)，使公共利益的實現(xiàn)與相對人所受到的損害符合一定的比例關系。從法學理論界的研究現(xiàn)狀來看，大部分學者建議將比例原則作為行政法的基本原則，在整個行政法領域內(nèi)適用。 雖然比例原則在我國現(xiàn)階段的立法和司法實踐已然出現(xiàn)，但是理論基礎稍顯薄弱，其與合理性原則對比之優(yōu)劣、在我國法律中定位之探討都缺乏相應的理論支持和制度保障。為了進一步規(guī)范行政裁量行為、擴大行政自由裁量權審查的深度和廣度、更好地保護人權，及其有必要將比例原則引入我國行政領域法。通過比例原則與行政自由裁量權理論的對比研究，對于前者控制后者的有效性應該得到充分的重視，建議將比例原則作為我國行政法的基本原則，對立法裁量行為、執(zhí)法裁量行為、司法裁量行為進行全面、有效的控制，提高行政權力行使的文明程度，為建設服務型政府、法治國家、保護人權不受侵害提供強有力的保障。
[Abstract]:The necessary condition for the normal operation of a modern country is the existence of administrative power. As one of the powerful public powers of the country, the executive power is characterized by the state coercive power as the backing, but the greater the power is, the easier it is to lose control. If it is abused in the course of exercise, it will inevitably violate the rights of citizens. As the core of administrative power, discretion also has the same problem. The purpose of the principle of proportionality is to balance the situation between civil rights and state power, and its goal is to protect the rights and interests of citizens and to realize substantive justice. The development and practice of the principle of proportionality in foreign countries has proved its effectiveness as an important principle in the field of administrative law, especially in regulating the exercise of administrative discretion and protecting the rights of citizens. Therefore, it is considered to have the status of "imperial clause". However, the function and status of the principle of proportionality have not yet formed a unified understanding. In the practice of our country, a large number of discretionary rights are abused wantonly, which greatly endangers the protection of civil rights in our country. Therefore, the application of the principle of proportion in China has an extremely important significance. The application of the principle of proportionality in the field of administrative law requires the administrative subject to measure the relationship between the realization of the national public interest and the infringement of the citizen's interest, and to choose the way conducive to the protection of the latter. If the measures taken to achieve the administrative objectives are not in line with the proportional relationship and bring some adverse effects to the civil rights, it will hinder the realization of the administrative functions. Therefore, in the process of exercising the discretion, the administrative subject should weigh the interests in a comprehensive and balanced way, and control the adverse effects and damages within the minimum range. So that the realization of the public interest and the damage to the relative person accord with a certain proportion. From the current situation of the research in the field of legal theory, most scholars suggest that the principle of proportionality should be regarded as the basic principle of administrative law and applied in the whole field of administrative law. Although the principle of proportionality has already appeared in the legislation and judicial practice of our country at the present stage, the theoretical foundation is a little weak, and the comparison between the principle of rationality and the principle of rationality lacks the corresponding theoretical support and system guarantee in the discussion of the orientation in the law of our country. In order to further standardize administrative discretion, expand the depth and breadth of administrative discretion review, and better protect human rights, it is necessary to introduce the principle of proportionality into the administrative field law of our country. Through the contrast research between the principle of proportionality and the theory of administrative discretion, we should pay enough attention to the effectiveness of the former in controlling the latter. It is suggested that the principle of proportionality should be regarded as the basic principle of administrative law in our country, and the legislative discretion should be taken into account. Law enforcement discretion, judicial discretion conduct comprehensive, effective control, improve the civilized degree of the exercise of administrative power, for the construction of service-oriented government, the rule of law country, the protection of human rights from violations to provide a strong guarantee.
【學位授予單位】：遼寧大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：D922.1

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