我國保護外國專家權(quán)益法律制度探析
發(fā)布時間：2019-04-08 16:03
【摘要】：外國專家是國際化人才的重要組成部分，這一人群的權(quán)益保護是否做好、做到位將成為影響我國人才國際化進程的重要因素之一。 本文首先對外國專家定義和外國專家權(quán)益含義進行了探討。現(xiàn)行有關(guān)行政法規(guī)或者規(guī)范性文件中對外國專家定義的版本比較多，沒有統(tǒng)一，外國專家的含義存在廣義的含義、狹義的含義，有時又與“外籍專業(yè)人員”、“外籍工作人員”等同，導(dǎo)致公眾辨識度不高，無法與相關(guān)概念進行區(qū)分。根據(jù)國際通行的標準和做法，我國應(yīng)首先建立外國人來中國工作指導(dǎo)目錄、積分評估制度以及勞動力市場測試制度，在此基礎(chǔ)上對于達到一定積分要求、并且為我國勞動力市場所需要的外國籍從業(yè)人員可以界定為外國專家。外國專家的權(quán)益是指外國專家符合法律規(guī)定的權(quán)利和利益。在我國，關(guān)于外國專家權(quán)益保護的最高效力的條文是憲法第三十二條的規(guī)定。我國參與締結(jié)的國際公約，如《公民公約和政治權(quán)利國際公約》、《經(jīng)濟社會及文化權(quán)利國際公約》也有涉及，但是以上都只是泛泛規(guī)定，基本流于形式。具體的對于外國專家的權(quán)益保護條款可見于我國相關(guān)的行政法規(guī)及政策性文件中，但是比較分散且數(shù)量也不多。 其次，通過查閱文獻，與發(fā)達國家相關(guān)立法的比較分析，并根據(jù)從事外國專家管理工作遇到的實際問題等，對我國保護外國專家權(quán)益的法律制度的現(xiàn)狀和問題進行了梳理，分析了原因，并提出了解決問題的見解。筆者認為，我國應(yīng)參考國際通行做法，制定一部統(tǒng)一的外國專家在華工作的法律，在其中將先行繁雜的碎片化的各種特殊待遇統(tǒng)一簡化為全面的國民待遇，而且除非情況極其特殊、只針對特別明確的人，一律避免超國民待遇。國民待遇，包括的范圍是經(jīng)濟社會、教育和文化方面的權(quán)利，人身自由和信仰自由，而不包括政治權(quán)益。但是對于取得中國永久居留權(quán)的外國專家，筆者認為可以賦予其一定的政治權(quán)益，比如賦予取得中國永久居住權(quán)的外國專家在其居住地范圍的參政權(quán)，這樣可以有效地鼓勵這部分外國專家積極發(fā)揮他們的作用，參與當(dāng)?shù)氐纳詈凸芾恚�，提高他們的歸屬性。其次在制定統(tǒng)一法律之后，要通過制定針對具體權(quán)益的行政法規(guī)或部門規(guī)章來具體加以保障，如制定《外國專家聘用合同管理辦法》、《外國專家社會保障管理辦法》、《海外人才市場管理辦法》、《外國專家分類管理辦法》等，來營造外國專家在中國工作和生活的良好的法制環(huán)境。
[Abstract]:Foreign experts are an important part of internationalized talents. Whether the rights and interests of this group are well protected or not will become one of the important factors that affect the internationalization process of talents in our country. This paper first discusses the definition of foreign experts and the meaning of foreign experts' rights and interests. There are many versions of the definitions of foreign experts in the current relevant administrative regulations or normative documents, which are not uniform. The meaning of foreign experts exists in a broad sense, a narrow sense, and sometimes with "foreign professionals." The equivalence of "expatriate staff" leads to poor public identification and can not be distinguished from related concepts. In accordance with international standards and practices, China should first set up a directory of foreign nationals to work in China, a credit assessment system and a labour market test system, on the basis of which, we should meet certain requirements for points. And for our labor market needs of foreign practitioners can be defined as foreign experts. The rights and interests of foreign experts refer to the rights and interests of foreign experts in accordance with the law. In China, the provisions on the protection of foreign experts' rights and interests are stipulated in Article 32 of the Constitution. The international covenants to which China is a party, such as the International Covenant on Civil and political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, are also covered. The specific rights and interests protection clauses for foreign experts can be found in the relevant administrative regulations and policy documents of our country, but they are relatively scattered and few in number. Secondly, by consulting the literature, comparing with the relevant legislation of the developed countries, and according to the practical problems encountered in the management of foreign experts, this paper combs the current situation and problems of the legal system for the protection of the rights and interests of foreign experts in China. The reason is analyzed, and the opinion of solving the problem is put forward. The author believes that China should draw up a unified law on the work of foreign experts in China, referring to international practices, in which all kinds of special treatment, which is first complicated and fragmented, should be unified into all-round national treatment. And unless the situation is extremely special, only specifically targeted people, avoid supranational treatment. National treatment, including economic, social, educational and cultural rights, personal freedom and freedom of belief, does not include political rights. However, for foreign experts who have acquired the right of permanent residence in China, the author believes that they can be given certain political rights and interests, such as giving foreign experts who have acquired the right of permanent residence in China the right to participate in the political power within the scope of their residence. This can effectively encourage these foreign experts to play their role actively, participate in local life and management, and improve their attribution. Secondly, after the enactment of a unified law, specific protection should be made through the formulation of administrative regulations or departmental regulations specific to specific rights and interests, such as the regulations on the Administration of contracts for the Employment of Foreign experts, and the measures for the Administration of Social Security of Foreign experts. In order to create a good legal environment for foreign experts to work and live in China, the measures on the Management of overseas Talent Market and the Classification of Foreign experts.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：D922.14
本文編號：2454719
[Abstract]:Foreign experts are an important part of internationalized talents. Whether the rights and interests of this group are well protected or not will become one of the important factors that affect the internationalization process of talents in our country. This paper first discusses the definition of foreign experts and the meaning of foreign experts' rights and interests. There are many versions of the definitions of foreign experts in the current relevant administrative regulations or normative documents, which are not uniform. The meaning of foreign experts exists in a broad sense, a narrow sense, and sometimes with "foreign professionals." The equivalence of "expatriate staff" leads to poor public identification and can not be distinguished from related concepts. In accordance with international standards and practices, China should first set up a directory of foreign nationals to work in China, a credit assessment system and a labour market test system, on the basis of which, we should meet certain requirements for points. And for our labor market needs of foreign practitioners can be defined as foreign experts. The rights and interests of foreign experts refer to the rights and interests of foreign experts in accordance with the law. In China, the provisions on the protection of foreign experts' rights and interests are stipulated in Article 32 of the Constitution. The international covenants to which China is a party, such as the International Covenant on Civil and political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, are also covered. The specific rights and interests protection clauses for foreign experts can be found in the relevant administrative regulations and policy documents of our country, but they are relatively scattered and few in number. Secondly, by consulting the literature, comparing with the relevant legislation of the developed countries, and according to the practical problems encountered in the management of foreign experts, this paper combs the current situation and problems of the legal system for the protection of the rights and interests of foreign experts in China. The reason is analyzed, and the opinion of solving the problem is put forward. The author believes that China should draw up a unified law on the work of foreign experts in China, referring to international practices, in which all kinds of special treatment, which is first complicated and fragmented, should be unified into all-round national treatment. And unless the situation is extremely special, only specifically targeted people, avoid supranational treatment. National treatment, including economic, social, educational and cultural rights, personal freedom and freedom of belief, does not include political rights. However, for foreign experts who have acquired the right of permanent residence in China, the author believes that they can be given certain political rights and interests, such as giving foreign experts who have acquired the right of permanent residence in China the right to participate in the political power within the scope of their residence. This can effectively encourage these foreign experts to play their role actively, participate in local life and management, and improve their attribution. Secondly, after the enactment of a unified law, specific protection should be made through the formulation of administrative regulations or departmental regulations specific to specific rights and interests, such as the regulations on the Administration of contracts for the Employment of Foreign experts, and the measures for the Administration of Social Security of Foreign experts. In order to create a good legal environment for foreign experts to work and live in China, the measures on the Management of overseas Talent Market and the Classification of Foreign experts.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：D922.14
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