發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-10-31 16:01

【摘要】：Chun和Jiang(1998)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在視覺(jué)搜索任務(wù)中,被試在布局不變的場(chǎng)景(重復(fù)場(chǎng)景)中搜索目標(biāo)的速度快于在布局隨機(jī)變化的場(chǎng)景(新異場(chǎng)景)中搜索目標(biāo)。這一學(xué)習(xí)現(xiàn)象被稱(chēng)為背景線索效應(yīng)。前人的研究大多是在單目標(biāo)條件下(每個(gè)重復(fù)場(chǎng)景的目標(biāo)·背景一一對(duì)應(yīng)),通過(guò)行為實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果,對(duì)背景線索效應(yīng)的機(jī)制進(jìn)行推測(cè)和分析。然而,在日常生活中,目標(biāo)與背景的關(guān)系往往是非一一對(duì)應(yīng)的。本研究中采用的是多可能目標(biāo)范式,該范式的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是,每個(gè)重復(fù)場(chǎng)景所匹配的目標(biāo)位置增加,如每個(gè)重復(fù)場(chǎng)景匹配2個(gè)或4個(gè)目標(biāo)位置,同時(shí)又不增加總的目標(biāo)數(shù)量。本研究中的多可能目標(biāo)實(shí)驗(yàn)條件的結(jié)果與經(jīng)典的單目標(biāo)實(shí)驗(yàn)條件的結(jié)果具有可比性,從而進(jìn)一步揭示背景線索效應(yīng)的認(rèn)知機(jī)制。當(dāng)前,背景線索效應(yīng)的發(fā)生機(jī)制存在三種觀點(diǎn):(1)注意引導(dǎo)加工機(jī)制;(2)反應(yīng)選擇加工機(jī)制;(3)注意引導(dǎo)和反應(yīng)選擇的雙加工模型。基于觀點(diǎn)(1),如果僅通過(guò)注意引導(dǎo)機(jī)制,那么眼動(dòng)結(jié)果僅在搜索的中期階段發(fā)現(xiàn)背景線索效應(yīng);基于觀點(diǎn)(2),如果僅通過(guò)反應(yīng)選擇機(jī)制,那么眼動(dòng)結(jié)果僅在搜索的晚期階段發(fā)現(xiàn)背景線索效應(yīng);基于觀點(diǎn)(3),如果注意引導(dǎo)和反應(yīng)選擇機(jī)制均發(fā)揮作用,那么眼動(dòng)結(jié)果在搜索中期階段和搜索晚期階段均發(fā)現(xiàn)背景線索效應(yīng)。本研究包括以下四個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn):實(shí)驗(yàn)一,為了驗(yàn)證前人在單目標(biāo)條件下對(duì)背景線索效應(yīng)及其眼動(dòng)規(guī)律的探討,并與多可能目標(biāo)位置條件進(jìn)行比較。實(shí)驗(yàn)一采用經(jīng)典背景線索效應(yīng)范式,以15名大學(xué)生為被試,實(shí)驗(yàn)材料為由12個(gè)分心字母L和1個(gè)目標(biāo)字母T隨機(jī)分布而組成的搜索場(chǎng)景。實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)是2(場(chǎng)景類(lèi)型:重復(fù)、新異)×7(時(shí)間窗口:1-7)的被試內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn):(1)在反應(yīng)時(shí)間上,場(chǎng)景類(lèi)型和時(shí)間窗口的交互作用顯著,隨著不斷學(xué)習(xí),搜索重復(fù)場(chǎng)景的反應(yīng)時(shí)顯著短于新異場(chǎng)景,即被試獲得了顯著地背景線索效應(yīng);(2)在搜索早期階段,重復(fù)場(chǎng)景顯著短于新異場(chǎng)景;(3)在搜索中期階段,重復(fù)場(chǎng)景顯著短于新異場(chǎng)景,并且場(chǎng)景類(lèi)型和時(shí)間窗口的交互作用顯著,表現(xiàn)出顯著的背景線索效應(yīng);(4)在搜索晚期階段,重復(fù)場(chǎng)景顯著長(zhǎng)于新異場(chǎng)景;(5)在平均注視次數(shù)上,重復(fù)場(chǎng)景顯著少于新異場(chǎng)景;(6)在平均注視時(shí)間上,重復(fù)場(chǎng)景顯著長(zhǎng)于新異場(chǎng)景;(7)在掃描模式比率上,重復(fù)場(chǎng)景顯著小于新異場(chǎng)景。實(shí)驗(yàn)二,為了探究當(dāng)一個(gè)重復(fù)場(chǎng)景匹配兩個(gè)可能目標(biāo)位置時(shí),背景線索效應(yīng)是否出現(xiàn),以及被試在該搜索任務(wù)下的眼動(dòng)規(guī)律。實(shí)驗(yàn)二采用兩個(gè)可能目標(biāo)范式,以15名大學(xué)生為被試。本實(shí)驗(yàn)的實(shí)驗(yàn)材料和實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)驗(yàn)一相同。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn):(1)在反應(yīng)時(shí)間上,場(chǎng)景類(lèi)型和時(shí)間窗口的交互作用顯著,即被試獲得了顯著地背景線索效應(yīng);(2)在搜索早期階段,場(chǎng)景主效應(yīng)和交互作用均不顯著;(3)在搜索中期階段,重復(fù)場(chǎng)景顯著短于新異場(chǎng)景;(4)在搜索晚期階段,重復(fù)場(chǎng)景顯著長(zhǎng)于新異場(chǎng)景;(5)在平均注視次數(shù)上,重復(fù)場(chǎng)景顯著少于新異場(chǎng)景;(6)在平均注視時(shí)間上,重復(fù)場(chǎng)景顯著長(zhǎng)于新異場(chǎng)景;(7)在掃描模式比率上,重復(fù)場(chǎng)景顯著小于新異場(chǎng)景。實(shí)驗(yàn)三,為了探究當(dāng)一個(gè)重復(fù)場(chǎng)景匹配四個(gè)可能目標(biāo)位置時(shí),背景線索效應(yīng)是否出現(xiàn),以及被試在該搜索任務(wù)下的眼動(dòng)規(guī)律。實(shí)驗(yàn)三采用四個(gè)可能目標(biāo)范式,以14名大學(xué)生為被試。本實(shí)驗(yàn)的實(shí)驗(yàn)材料和實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)驗(yàn)一相同。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn):(1)在反應(yīng)時(shí)間上,場(chǎng)景類(lèi)型和時(shí)間窗口的交互作用邊緣顯著,被試獲得了背景線索效應(yīng);(2)在搜索早期階段,重復(fù)場(chǎng)景顯著短于新異場(chǎng)景;(3)在搜索中期階段,重復(fù)場(chǎng)景顯著短于新異場(chǎng)景;(4)在搜索晚期階段,重復(fù)場(chǎng)景顯著長(zhǎng)于新異場(chǎng)景;(5)在平均注視次數(shù)上,重復(fù)場(chǎng)景顯著少于新異場(chǎng)景;(6)在平均注視時(shí)間上,重復(fù)場(chǎng)景顯著長(zhǎng)于新異場(chǎng)景;(7)在掃描模式比率上,重復(fù)場(chǎng)景顯著小于新異場(chǎng)景。實(shí)驗(yàn)四,為了探究當(dāng)僅保留重復(fù)場(chǎng)景的背景熟悉性,而使場(chǎng)景中目標(biāo)出現(xiàn)的位置隨機(jī)時(shí),背景線索效應(yīng)如何表現(xiàn),以及搜索的眼動(dòng)規(guī)律。實(shí)驗(yàn)四采用隨機(jī)目標(biāo)位置條件,以14名大學(xué)生為被試。本實(shí)驗(yàn)的實(shí)驗(yàn)材料和實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)驗(yàn)一相同。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn):(1)在反應(yīng)時(shí)間上,場(chǎng)景類(lèi)型和時(shí)間窗口的交互作用不顯著,被試未表現(xiàn)出背景線索效應(yīng);(2)在搜索早期階段和搜索晚期階段,場(chǎng)景類(lèi)型主效應(yīng)不顯著、場(chǎng)景類(lèi)型×?xí)r間窗口的交互作用不顯著;(3)在搜索中期階段,重復(fù)場(chǎng)景顯著短于新異場(chǎng)景;(4)在平均注視次數(shù)上,重復(fù)場(chǎng)景顯著少于新異場(chǎng)景;(5)在平均注視時(shí)間上,重復(fù)場(chǎng)景顯著長(zhǎng)于新異場(chǎng)景;(6)在掃描模式比率上,重復(fù)場(chǎng)景顯著小于新異場(chǎng)景。在本研究條件下,得到以下結(jié)論:(1)在多可能目標(biāo)條件下,被試能內(nèi)隱地習(xí)得顯著的背景線索效應(yīng)。(2)目標(biāo)的可預(yù)測(cè)性和背景的熟悉性有助于表現(xiàn)出背景線索效應(yīng)。(3)無(wú)論單目標(biāo)條件還是多可能目標(biāo)條件下,背景線索效應(yīng)的優(yōu)勢(shì)均主要來(lái)自于搜索中期階段,支持注意引導(dǎo)。(4)在搜索過(guò)程中,背景線索效應(yīng)具體表現(xiàn)為對(duì)重復(fù)場(chǎng)景平均注視次數(shù)的減少,以及搜索路徑更加直接。
[Abstract]:Chun and Jiang (1998) study found that in a visual search task, it was tested that the speed of the search target in a layout-unchanged scenario (repetitive scenario) was faster than searching for targets in a randomly changed scene (new-out scenario). This learning phenomenon is called the background clue effect. Previous research is mostly under single target condition (the target and background of each repeat scene one-to-one), and the mechanism of background thread effect is estimated and analyzed through the result of behavioral experiment. However, in daily life, the relationship between the target and the background is often non-one-to-one. A multi-potential target paradigm is used in this study, which has the advantage that the target location that matches each repeat scene increases, such as matching 2 or 4 target locations per repeat scene without increasing the total target number. The results of the multi-potential target experimental conditions in this study are comparable to the results of the classical single-objective experimental conditions, thus further revealing the cognitive mechanism of background cues. At present, there are three viewpoints: (1) attention to guiding processing mechanism; (2) reaction selection processing mechanism; (3) attention to the double-processing model of guidance and reaction selection. Based on the viewpoint (1), if only the guidance mechanism is paid attention, the eye movement results only find the background clue effect in the middle stage of the search, and based on the point of view (2), if only the selection mechanism is adopted, the eye movement results only find the background clue effect in the late stage of the search; Based on the point of view (3), if attention is paid to both the guidance and the response selection mechanisms, the eye movement results both in the middle of the search and in the late stage of the search. This study includes the following four experiments: experiment 1, in order to verify the background clue effect and the eye movement law of the predecessor under single target condition, and compare it with the multi-potential target position condition. In the experiment, a search scene composed of 12 distracted letters L and 1 target letter T was randomly distributed in 15 college students using the classical background cue effect paradigm. The experimental design is the internal design of 2 (Scene Type: Repeat, New, and New) Rule 7 (Time Window: 1-7). The results show that: (1) In response time, the interaction between scene type and time window is remarkable. With the continuous learning, the response time of repeated scenes is shorter than the new one, that is, it is tried to obtain a significant background clue effect. (2) In the early stage of searching, the repeated scenes are significantly shorter than the new different scenes; (3) in the middle of the search, the repeated scenes are significantly shorter than the new different scenes, and the interaction between the scene type and the time window is remarkable, the obvious background clue effect is displayed, and (4) at the late stage of searching, the repeated scenes are significantly longer than the new different scenes; (5) the repeated scenes are significantly smaller than the new different scenes at the average watching times; (6) the repeated scenes are significantly longer than the new different scenes at the average watching times; and (7) the repeated scenes are significantly smaller than the new different scenes at the scanning mode ratio. Experiment 2, in order to explore whether the background thread effect appears when one repeating scene matches two possible target positions, and the eye movement rule under the search task is tested. Two possible target paradigms were used in experiment 2, and 15 college students were tested. The experimental materials and experimental designs of this experiment were the same as those of experiment 1. The results show that: (1) The interaction between the scene type and the time window is remarkable in response time, that is, it is tried to obtain a significant background clue effect. (2) In the early stage of the search, the main effect and interaction of the scene are not significant; (3) During the middle stage of the search, (4) repeating the scene significantly longer than the new one in the late stage of the search; (5) repeating the scene significantly less than the new different scene at the average watching times; and (6) repeating the scene significantly longer than the new different scene at the average watching time; (7) In the scan mode ratio, the repetition scene is significantly smaller than the new one. Experiment 3, in order to explore whether the background thread effect appears when a duplicate scene matches the four possible target positions, and the eye movement rules under the search task are tested. The experiment consisted of four possible target paradigms, and 14 college students were tested. The experimental materials and experimental designs of this experiment were the same as those of experiment 1. The results show that: (1) In response time, the interaction edge of scene type and time window is remarkable, and the background clue effect is obtained. (2) In the early stage of searching, the repetitive scene is significantly shorter than the new one; (3) In the middle stage of searching, (4) repeating the scene significantly longer than the new one in the late stage of the search; (5) repeating the scene significantly less than the new different scene at the average watching times; and (6) repeating the scene significantly longer than the new different scene at the average watching time; (7) In the scan mode ratio, the repetition scene is significantly smaller than the new one. Experiment 4: In order to explore how to keep the background of repeated scenes familiar, how to display the background clue effect when the target appearing in the scene is random, and the eye movement law of the search. Experiment 4 adopts the random target position condition, and 14 college students are tested. The experimental materials and experimental designs of this experiment were the same as those of experiment 1. The results show that: (1) The interaction between the scene type and the time window is not significant in the reaction time, and the test does not show the background clue effect; (2) In the early stage of searching and searching the late stage, the main effect of the scene type is not significant, the interaction between the scene types and the time windows is not significant; (3) the repeated scenes are significantly shorter than the new different scenes during the middle of the search; (4) the repeated scenes are significantly smaller than the new different scenes at the average watching times; and (5) on the average gaze time, The repetition scene is significantly longer than the new one; (6) In the scan mode ratio, the repetition scene is significantly smaller than the new one. Under the conditions of this study, the following conclusions were obtained: (1) Under multi-potential target conditions, a significant background clue effect could be obtained. (2) The predictability of objectives and familiarity with the background contribute to the performance of contextual cues. (3) Under single-objective condition or multi-potential target condition, the advantages of background thread effect mainly come from the middle stage of search, support attention to guide. (4) During the searching process, the background thread effect is embodied as the decrease of the average number of gaze times of the repeated scenes, and the search path is more direct.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：天津師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：B842.3

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