發(fā)布時間：2019-07-06 16:44

【摘要】：放牧是草原生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的主要利用方式之一。不合理的放牧活動不僅威脅到草原生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的生物多樣性和穩(wěn)定性,同時還可以顯著改變草原生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能,引起碳和氮流失。近年來,盡管全球范圍內(nèi)開展了大量關(guān)于放牧對草原生態(tài)系統(tǒng)碳、氮循環(huán)影響的研究,但放牧對碳、氮循環(huán),特別是地下過程,影響的一般規(guī)律仍然存在廣泛爭議。本文通過整合分析方法通過設(shè)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn),從全球超過2500篇文獻里篩選出105篇關(guān)于放牧對草原生態(tài)系統(tǒng)碳、氮循環(huán)過程影響的論文,建立分析數(shù)據(jù)庫。分析數(shù)據(jù)庫主要包括植物地上碳庫、植物地下碳庫、土壤碳庫、凋落物碳庫、微生物量碳庫、植物地上部分氮庫、植物地下部分氮庫、土壤氮庫、凋落物氮庫、微生物量氮庫、土壤碳氮比、植物根系碳氮比、微生物碳氮比、凋落物碳氮比、土壤呼吸通量、土壤凈氮礦化速率、土壤凈氮硝化速率、土壤容重、土壤酸堿度、土壤溫度和土壤濕度等參數(shù)�；�于數(shù)據(jù)庫和整合分析方法,深入分析探討放牧對草原生態(tài)系統(tǒng)碳、氮循環(huán)過程的一般規(guī)律。結(jié)果表明,放牧活動顯著減少土壤碳庫、植物地下部分碳庫、土壤微生物量碳庫和凋落物碳庫,減少幅度分別為10.28,13.72,21.62和8.93%,同時顯著減少土壤氮庫、植物地下部分氮庫、土壤微生物量氮庫和凋落物氮庫,減幅分別為13.38,4.40,24.40和10.39%;與其他參數(shù)相比,微生物量碳庫和氮庫的減幅都是最大的。相反的,放牧顯著增加土壤和根系碳氮比但減低了微生物和凋落物碳氮比。放牧活動顯著增加草原生態(tài)系統(tǒng)土壤呼吸通量、土壤凈氮礦化和硝化速率,增幅分別為4.25,30.63和12.88%。此外,放牧活動增加了土壤容重、酸堿度和溫度但減少了土壤濕度。放牧密度顯著改變著碳氮循環(huán)的大小甚至方向。輕度放牧顯著增加土壤碳庫和土壤氮庫,增加幅度分別為0.78%和3.24%,但中度和重度放牧顯著減少土壤碳庫和土壤氮庫,對土壤碳庫的減幅分別為3.45%和9.92%,土壤氮庫減幅分別為8.41%和13.04%。相似地,輕度放牧分別增加植物地下部分碳庫和凋落物碳氮比2.99%和10.14%,中度和重度分別減少植物地下碳庫3.17%和24.1%,凋落物碳氮比22.61%和30.18%。與中度和重度放牧相比,輕度放牧下微生物氮和凋落物氮的減幅都是最大的。對于通量而言,輕度放牧顯著增加土壤呼吸11.53%,但中度和重度放牧顯著減少呼吸通量分別為12.7%和32.6%。土壤凈氮礦化速率的加權(quán)響應(yīng)比從輕度到重度放牧減幅介于48.87%到10.85%。但輕度放牧對土壤凈氮硝化速率影響不明顯,而中度和重度放牧顯著減少土壤凈氮硝化速率13.43%和103.06%。研究結(jié)果還表明,生物和非生物等環(huán)境因子顯著影響著草原生態(tài)系統(tǒng)碳、氮循環(huán)對放牧活動的響應(yīng)。半濕潤區(qū)/濕潤區(qū)的放牧干擾活動對土壤碳庫、植物地下碳庫、土壤氮庫和植物地下氮庫的減少幅度顯著高于干旱/半干旱區(qū)。相似地,半濕潤區(qū)/濕潤區(qū)的土壤呼吸的加權(quán)響應(yīng)比為0.099±0.023(P0.01),輕微高于干旱/半干旱區(qū)。但干旱/半干旱區(qū)微生物碳庫和凋落物碳庫的響應(yīng)幅度,相對于半濕潤區(qū)/濕潤區(qū)而言,表現(xiàn)出更明顯的減弱幅度。不同放牧類型顯著改變了多數(shù)觀測變量對放牧活動的響應(yīng)大小甚至方向。放牧?xí)r間和年平均溫度與土壤碳庫響應(yīng)比和土壤氮庫響應(yīng)比呈現(xiàn)顯著的相關(guān)關(guān)系。年平均降雨量與土壤碳庫響應(yīng)比呈顯著相關(guān)關(guān)系,但與土壤氮庫響應(yīng)比之間相關(guān)性不明顯。此外,土壤碳庫響應(yīng)比與土壤氮庫響應(yīng)比呈現(xiàn)顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系�？傮w而言,放牧活動在全球尺度上影響草原生態(tài)系統(tǒng)碳、氮循環(huán)過程,同時改變了地上和地下碳、氮庫分配格局。放牧密度顯著改變了不同碳庫和氮庫對放牧活動的響應(yīng)大小甚至響應(yīng)方向。未來陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)模型在預(yù)測評估草原生態(tài)系統(tǒng)對全球碳、氮收支平衡時應(yīng)綜合考慮放牧密度和氣候因子對碳、氮循環(huán)過程的影響。
[Abstract]:Grazing is one of the main ways of the grassland ecosystem. Unreasonable grazing activity not only threatens the biological diversity and stability of the grassland ecosystem, but also can obviously change the structure and function of the grassland ecosystem and cause the loss of carbon and nitrogen. In recent years, although a large number of studies on the effects of grazing on the carbon and nitrogen cycle of the grassland ecosystem have been carried out worldwide, the general rules of grazing on the cycle of carbon and nitrogen, especially the underground process, still have a wide range of disputes. In this paper, through the setting of the standard,105 papers on the effects of grazing on the carbon and nitrogen cycle of the grassland ecosystem were selected from over 2,500 articles of the world, and the analysis database was established. the analysis database mainly comprises a plant ground carbon library, a plant underground carbon library, a soil carbon library, a litter material carbon pool, a microbial biomass carbon pool, a plant ground part nitrogen bank, a plant underground part nitrogen bank, a soil nitrogen bank, a litterfall nitrogen bank, a microbial biomass nitrogen bank and a soil carbon-nitrogen ratio, The parameters such as the carbon-nitrogen ratio, the microbial carbon-nitrogen ratio, the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the litters, the soil respiration flux, the soil net-nitrogen mineralization rate, the soil net-nitrogen nitrification rate, the soil bulk density, the soil pH value, the soil temperature and the soil humidity, and the like are the root system carbon-nitrogen ratio, the microbial carbon-nitrogen ratio, the litter-litter carbon-nitrogen ratio, the soil The general rule of the process of carbon and nitrogen cycling in the grassland ecosystem is analyzed in depth based on the database and the integral analysis method. The results showed that the grazing activity significantly reduced the carbon pool of soil, the carbon pool of the underground part of the plant, the amount of soil microbial biomass and the carbon pool of litters, with the reduction of 10.28, 13.72, 21.62 and 8.93%, respectively. The reduction was 13.38, 4.40, 24.40, and 10.39%, respectively; the reduction of the amount of microbial biomass and nitrogen was the largest compared to other parameters. In contrast, grazing significantly increased the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of the soil and the root system, but decreased the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of the microorganism and the litter. Grazing activity significantly increased the soil respiration flux of the grassland ecosystem, the net nitrogen mineralization and the nitrification rate of the soil, and the growth rate was 4.25, 30.63 and 12.88%, respectively. In addition, grazing activities increased soil bulk density, pH and temperature, but reduced soil moisture. Grazing density significantly changes the size or even the direction of the carbon-nitrogen cycle. The increase of the soil carbon pool and the soil nitrogen bank was 0.78% and 3.24%, respectively. However, the soil carbon pool and the soil nitrogen bank were significantly reduced with moderate and severe grazing, and the reduction of the soil carbon pool was 3.45% and 9.92%, respectively, and the reduction of the soil nitrogen bank was 8.41% and 13.04%, respectively. Similarly, mild grazing increased the carbon and nitrogen ratio of the underground part of the plant to 2.99% and 10.14%, respectively, and the medium and the severe decreased the underground carbon pool of the plant by 3.17% and 24.1%, the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the litter was 22.61% and 30.18%, respectively. In comparison with moderate and severe grazing, the reduction of microbial nitrogen and litter nitrogen under mild grazing is the largest. For flux, mild grazing significantly increased the respiration of the soil by 11.53%, but moderate and severe grazing significantly reduced the respiratory flux by 12.7% and 32.6%, respectively. The weighted response ratio of the soil net nitrogen mineralization rate was from 48.87% to 10.85% from mild to severe grazing. However, the effect of mild grazing on the Nitrification rate of the soil is not obvious, while the moderate and severe grazing significantly reduces the net nitrogen nitrification rate of the soil by 13.43% and 103.06%. The results of the study also show that the environmental factors such as biological and non-biological factors have a significant effect on the response of the carbon and nitrogen cycle of the grassland ecosystem to the grazing activities. Grazing disturbance in the semi-humid area/ wet area is significantly higher than that of the arid/ semi-arid area for the soil carbon pool, the plant underground carbon pool, the soil nitrogen bank and the plant underground nitrogen bank. Similarly, the weighted response ratio of the soil respiration in the semi-humid area/ wet zone was 0.099-0.023 (P0.01), slightly above the arid/ semi-arid area. In the arid/ semi-arid area, the response amplitude of the carbon pool and the litter carbon pool shows a more significant reduction in the half-humid area/ wet area. The different grazing types significantly changed the response and even the direction of most of the observed variables to the grazing activity. Grazing time and annual average temperature were significantly related to the response ratio of soil carbon bank and the response ratio of soil nitrogen bank. There was a significant correlation between the annual average rainfall and the response ratio of the soil carbon reservoir, but the correlation between the response ratio of the soil and the soil was not obvious. In addition, the response ratio of the soil carbon reservoir is positively related to the response ratio of the soil nitrogen bank. In general, grazing activities affect the carbon and nitrogen cycle of the grassland ecosystem on the global scale, and the distribution pattern of carbon and nitrogen in the ground and the ground is changed. Grazing density significantly changes the response and even response of different carbon and nitrogen banks to grazing activities. The effects of grazing density and climate factors on the process of carbon and nitrogen circulation should be considered in the future land ecosystem model in the prediction and assessment of the global carbon and nitrogen balance of the grassland ecosystem.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：江蘇大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：S812

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