發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-06-22 15:34

  本文選題：記憶 + 身份認(rèn)同　； 參考：《北京外國語大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：二十世紀(jì)三四十年代,許多德奧猶太難民為躲避二戰(zhàn)期間的納粹暴行而漂洋過海來到當(dāng)時(shí)為數(shù)不多的避難地之一:中國上海。作為難民來華,在他們眼里,自己可能只是"坐在行李箱上"的過客,但實(shí)際上他們在上海留下了很多痕跡。德國作家烏爾蘇拉·克萊謝爾雖然沒有親身經(jīng)歷過那段歷史,但她憑借著這些歷史印記,經(jīng)年累月地搜集了眾多資料,最終著成了《上海,遠(yuǎn)在何方?》這部優(yōu)秀的文學(xué)作品,成功再現(xiàn)那段歷史。這篇論文從中德跨文化日耳曼學(xué)角度出發(fā),選取德國作家烏爾蘇拉·克萊謝爾的小說《上海,遠(yuǎn)在何方?》為載體,,在借鑒先前相關(guān)學(xué)術(shù)研究的基礎(chǔ)上,嘗試從記憶和身份認(rèn)同兩個(gè)維度進(jìn)行探討分析,進(jìn)而從流亡者個(gè)人和集體兩個(gè)層面來多層次地剖析兩者的關(guān)聯(lián)性。本文研究的核心問題包括:小說運(yùn)用何種敘述方式來呈現(xiàn)和重構(gòu)記憶?小說主人公們的身份認(rèn)同經(jīng)歷了哪些變化?記憶和身份認(rèn)同之間存在何種關(guān)聯(lián)性?如何在個(gè)人和集體層面分別呈現(xiàn)以及其中有哪些影響因素?基于上述問題,本文第二部分是理論概述,主要針對相關(guān)的記憶和身份認(rèn)同理論分別進(jìn)行了簡要介紹,并著重梳理兩者的相關(guān)性和理論結(jié)合點(diǎn)。這是基于記憶的重構(gòu)性之上,其當(dāng)下性和選擇性使得記憶以當(dāng)下作為出發(fā)點(diǎn),對過去進(jìn)行選擇性的重構(gòu)和解讀。與此同時(shí),鑒于記憶必須借助于一定的媒介來實(shí)現(xiàn),本文還介紹了文學(xué)作為記憶媒介的獨(dú)特性,借此深入探討這部小說的敘事技巧,進(jìn)而闡述了記憶問題在小說中如何借助多重視角實(shí)現(xiàn)了建構(gòu)甚至重構(gòu)。雖然該小說以時(shí)間順序?yàn)閿⑹鲋骶�,但作者沒有遵循傳統(tǒng)意義上的主人公和情節(jié)結(jié)構(gòu),而是片段式地勾勒出一個(gè)個(gè)獨(dú)具個(gè)性的流亡者形象。多層交織的敘述視角、多線交錯(cuò)的人物關(guān)系和片段式的記憶疊加等精巧的結(jié)構(gòu)技巧,使這部小說充滿張力。多元視角和主人公角色設(shè)定實(shí)現(xiàn)了記憶的敘述性重構(gòu)。書商拉扎魯斯通過錄音記錄下了這群流亡者的眾生相,扮演了小說中穿針引線的敘述者角色。在拉扎魯斯回憶的基礎(chǔ)上,該小說的創(chuàng)作實(shí)際上是一個(gè)回憶與重構(gòu)的過程。參考記憶理論和身份認(rèn)同理論共有的個(gè)人和集體雙重維度,本文據(jù)此決定也從個(gè)人和集體這兩個(gè)層面入手,借助對不同人物和事件的分析,分別采用多角度來例證記憶和身份認(rèn)同問題之間的關(guān)聯(lián)性。其多重關(guān)聯(lián)性在兩個(gè)層面上既有相似,也有不同之處。首先,小說主人公們都各具特色,因而在個(gè)人層面上會(huì)側(cè)重于從每個(gè)人的獨(dú)特之處尋找微觀切入點(diǎn)。每個(gè)流亡者身上的特點(diǎn)和個(gè)體行為都深刻影響著個(gè)人記憶和身份認(rèn)同,因而兩者的關(guān)聯(lián)性呈現(xiàn)出多重差異性。人物形象的復(fù)雜性又使得每個(gè)人身上呈現(xiàn)出多重性格和特質(zhì),有助于多維度探尋研究。研究維度主要包括個(gè)體的心靈創(chuàng)傷、沉默、自我認(rèn)知、記憶媒介、夢境和未來選擇等方面,這些維度既會(huì)對個(gè)體記憶和身份認(rèn)同產(chǎn)生積極效應(yīng),也會(huì)帶來負(fù)面影響。心靈創(chuàng)傷的特殊性使得過去苦痛的記憶在腦海中不斷重現(xiàn),小說結(jié)合敘述情境的變換,間或重復(fù)描述此類回憶,以此來展現(xiàn)創(chuàng)傷對個(gè)體記憶的延續(xù)性和自我身份認(rèn)同的破壞性后果。承受心靈創(chuàng)傷后,個(gè)體可能會(huì)對此保持緘默,但沉默并不意味著遺忘,而是作為無聲的言語、主觀的記憶選擇和創(chuàng)傷的側(cè)面例證,多元敘述視角的切換展現(xiàn)了沉默可能會(huì)加劇心靈創(chuàng)傷對自身甚至是他人記憶和身份認(rèn)同的破壞作用。職業(yè)和姓名作為個(gè)體身份具有代表性的兩種維度,兩者的變動(dòng)、實(shí)現(xiàn)方式以及其在記憶層面上的今昔對比都會(huì)給個(gè)體身份認(rèn)同帶來不可忽視的影響力。媒介作為承載記憶的媒介,其重要性不言而喻,小說中特別提及了圖畫和雕刻藝術(shù)品這兩種媒介,它們不僅持續(xù)承載著對過去的記憶,而且會(huì)結(jié)合當(dāng)下情境影響著個(gè)體記憶和身份認(rèn)同。夢屬于個(gè)體記憶的一部分,體現(xiàn)了個(gè)人深埋在潛意識(shí)里的情感和欲望,夢境的難以實(shí)現(xiàn)及其與現(xiàn)實(shí)之間的巨大反差加倍烘托出了個(gè)體身份認(rèn)同的困難。個(gè)人對自己未來出路的選擇正是基于對個(gè)體記憶的認(rèn)知和延續(xù),也恰恰是個(gè)人身份認(rèn)同的最佳例證。其次,雖然小說主人公們個(gè)性迥異,但相近的背景和經(jīng)歷促使他們?nèi)跁?huì)成一個(gè)整體,因而在集體層面更側(cè)重于尋求共性和相似之處,宏觀分析記憶和身份認(rèn)同問題的關(guān)聯(lián)性。他們共同經(jīng)歷了被迫害、逃難和流亡海外等一系列事件,對于過去有著無法言說的苦痛和集體心靈創(chuàng)傷,相似的飲食習(xí)慣、宗教、習(xí)俗和語言習(xí)慣等層面共同的文化記憶拉近了彼此的距離,再加上身處一個(gè)陌生的文化環(huán)境,格托的柵欄作用讓他們迅速匯聚成團(tuán)體,一起懷舊地回憶著過去的美好時(shí)光,用多元視角的敘述方式重構(gòu)過去。這一系列維度都是延續(xù)集體記憶和支撐集體身份認(rèn)同的重要支柱。本文結(jié)尾部分對理論和正文部分進(jìn)行了再次總結(jié)和梳理,通過結(jié)合文本的理論分析、敘事結(jié)構(gòu)分析和個(gè)人集體雙層面的例證分析,清晰展現(xiàn)了小說中在華德奧猶太難民的記憶和身份認(rèn)同問題的多重關(guān)聯(lián)性。雖然本文仍有許多不足之處,但筆者真切地希望本文能為《上海,遠(yuǎn)在何方?》這部小說以及在華猶太難民的研究提供一定的參考價(jià)值。
[Abstract]:In 30s and 40s twentieth Century, many German Jewish refugees crossed the sea to avoid the Nazi atrocities during World War II and came to one of the few places of refuge: Shanghai, China. As a refugee to China, in their eyes, they might be just "sitting on the trunk", but in fact they left a lot of marks in Shanghai. Although the writer Ursula Kleicher has not experienced that history personally, with these historical records, she has collected a lot of information over the years, and eventually became the outstanding literary work of "Shanghai, where?" the successful reproduction of that history. Ursula Kleicher's novel "Shanghai, where?" as the carrier, on the basis of previous related academic research, attempts to explore and analyze the two dimensions of memory and identity, and then analyze the relevance of the two from the two levels of the individual and the collective of the exiles. What is the relationship between the identity and the identity of the novel protagonists? What is the relationship between the memory and the identity? How do you present them in the individual and the collective and what are the factors that affect them? Based on the above questions, the second part of this paper is a summary of the theory. This is based on the reconfiguration of memory, which is based on the reconfiguration of memory. Its immediacy and selectivity makes the memory as a starting point for the selective reconstruction and interpretation of the past. At the same time, the memory must be borrowed. It is helpful to the realization of a certain medium. This article also introduces the uniqueness of literature as a medium of memory, and explores the narrative techniques of this novel, and then expounds how to realize the construction and reconstruction of the memory problem in the novel with the aid of multiple perspectives. Although the novel takes the time sequence as the narrative line, the author does not follow the traditional meaning. The righteous master's and the plot structure, but the fragment form the image of the individual exile. The narrative perspective, the multi line interlaced character relationship and the fragment memory superposition and other exquisite structural techniques make the novel full of tension. Multiple perspectives and the protagonist role set the narration of the memory. On the basis of the recollection of zararus, the creation of the novel is actually a process of reminiscence and reconstruction. From the two levels of the individual and the collective, this paper, with the help of the analysis of different characters and events, uses multiple angles to illustrate the relevance between the memory and the identity problems. The multiple relevance has the similarities and differences on the two levels. First, the heroes of the novel have their own characteristics, so they are in the same way. The human level will focus on finding the micro point of entry from the uniqueness of each person. The characteristics and individual behavior of each exile have a profound influence on personal memory and identity, so the relevance of the two presents multiple differences. The dimensions of the study mainly include individual mental trauma, silence, self cognition, memory medium, dream and future choice. These dimensions not only produce positive effects on individual memory and identity, but also bring negative effects. The particularity of mental trauma makes the memory of pain in the past continue to weigh in the mind. At present, the novel combines the transformation of the narrative situation, or the repetition of the recollections, to show the destructive consequences of the trauma on the continuity of the individual memory and the self identity. After suffering the trauma, the individual may remain silent, but the silence does not mean forgetting, but as a silent speech, subjective memory selection and creation. The side example of the injury, the multiple narrative perspective switching shows that silence may aggravate the destruction of mental trauma to the memory and identity of others. The two dimensions of the profession and the name are representative of the individual identity, the change, the way of realization and the contrast between the past and the present at the memory level will be given to the individual. Identity has an unnegligible influence. As the medium of carrying memory, media is self-evident. The two media, such as pictures and sculptures, are particularly mentioned in the novel. They not only carry the memory of the past, but also affect the individual memory and identity in the context of the present situation. The dream belongs to the individual memory. Part of it embodies the feelings and desires of the individual, which is buried in the subconscious mind. The difficult realization of the dream and the great contrast with the reality have doubles the difficulty of individual identity. The choice of the individual's future is based on the cognition and continuation of the individual memory, and is also the best example of personal identity. Second, although the heroes of the novel have different personalities, the similar backgrounds and experiences encourage them to integrate into a whole, so that they are more focused on the commonality and similarities on the collective level, and the relevance of the macro analysis of memory and identity. They have experienced a series of events such as forced harm, escape and exile, and so on. With unspeakable pain and collective mental trauma, similar eating habits, religion, customs, and language habits, the common cultural memory is close to each other, plus a strange cultural environment. The fence effect of Gato allows them to quickly gather into groups, remembering the good times of the past with nostalgia. This series of dimensions are the important pillars for the continuation of collective memory and the support of collective identity. The end part of this article summarizes and combs the theory and the body part again, by combining the theoretical analysis of the text, the analysis of narrative structure and the case analysis of the individual group. It shows the multiple relevance of the memory and identity of the Judea Jewish refugees in the novel. Although there are still many shortcomings in this article, the author sincerely hopes that this article will provide a certain reference value for the study of Shanghai, where the novel is far away, and the study of Jewish refugees in China.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京外國語大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：I516.074

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